Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Goats

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ISBN 978-1-988793-43-6  (book)
ISBN 978-1-988793-42-9  (electronic book text)

Available from:

Canadian National Goat Federation
P.O. Box 61, Annaheim SK S0K 0G0 CANADA
Website: www.cangoats.com
Email: info@cangoats.com

For information on the Code of Practice development process contact:

National Farm Animal Care Council (NFACC)
Email: nfacc@xplornet.com
Website: www.nfacc.ca

Also available in French

© Copyright is jointly held by the Canadian National Goat Federation and the National Farm Animal Care Council (2022)

This publication may be reproduced for personal or internal use provided that its source is fully acknowledged. However, multiple copy reproduction of this publication in whole or in part for any purpose (including but not limited to resale or redistribution) requires the kind permission of the National Farm Animal Care Council (see www.nfacc.ca for contact information).

Acknowledgment

Funded in part by the Government of Canada under the Canadian Agricultural Partnership’s AgriAssurance Program, a federal, provincial, territorial initiative.

Disclaimer

Information contained in this publication is subject to periodic review in light of changing practices, government requirements and regulations. No subscriber or reader should act on the basis of any such information without referring to applicable laws and regulations and/or without seeking appropriate professional advice. Although every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, the authors shall not be held responsible for loss or damage caused by errors, omissions, misprints or misinterpretation of the contents hereof. Furthermore, the authors expressly disclaim all and any liability to any person, whether the purchaser of the publication or not, in respect of anything done or omitted, by any such person in reliance on the contents of this publication.

Cover image photo credits: top photo: Catherine Michaud; second to top photo: Melissa Moggy*; second from bottom: Theresa Bergeron; bottom photo: Robin Schill.

*Please note that that photo was taken on the farm of Code Development Committee producer Jean-Philippe Jolin. He, along with all others, have provided their permission to use in the Goat Code.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

While domestic goats are not native to Canada, they have proven to be extremely adaptable to our diverse resources, climate, and geography. In this relatively young and growing sector of agriculture, the central focus of the Canadian goat industry is production of milk, meat, and fibre managed under a variety of housing and grazing systems.

Ontario and Quebec are the main producers of goat products in Canada. Goat milk is mainly made into cheese with a lesser amount being processed into yogurt, ice cream, fluid milk, butterfat, and powdered milk. Goat milk production is a small proportion of total milk production in Canada; however, there has been substantial growth in the number of animals, farms, and total milk produced. In Canada, the number of meat and dairy goats has increased from 230,034 goats reported in the 2016 Census to 253,278 goats on 4,801 Canadian farms in 2021 (20, 21). New Canadians also continue to support their cultural traditions and food preferences which often include goat meat. To meet this demand, the availability of goat meat in larger cities is increasing.

Due to their naturally curious and interactive nature, goats are also commonly featured in agri-tourism and unique small businesses such as pack animals, targeted grazers, exercise companions, petting zoos, and entertainment. They are also commonly kept as companion animals, pets, or in small hobby herds. Regardless of their purpose, the same principles of responsible care and management must be practiced across the industry to safeguard the well-being of goats.

An animal is in a good state of welfare if (as indicated by scientific evidence) it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behaviour, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear, and distress (11).

Codes of Practice strive to promote standards of care that reflect achievable balances between animal welfare and producer capabilities. This Code updates the 2003 goat Code of Practice. It attempts to reflect both modern and traditional management practices while seeking to advance animal welfare as described by NFACC.

Appropriate husbandry, handling, and management are essential for the health and well-being of goats. The care and management provided by the person(s) responsible for daily care has a significant influence on their welfare. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of producers to ensure that all personnel can perform their duties properly. This Code of Practice provides guidance to owners and their families, as well as employees, for the welfare of goats in their care.

The Code identifies welfare hazards, opportunities, and methods to promote well-being. Key knowledge required includes an understanding of the basic needs and behaviour of goats, along with farm protocols and processes. Producers should strive to maintain content, productive, and healthy animals through good management practices by striving to:

• ensure that housing (including natural shelter) and handling systems provide shelter and protection from extreme weather, adequate space and good air quality, allow safe movement of goats, and accommodate natural behaviours
• ensure that goats receive sufficient quantities of feed and water to maintain good health and body condition and to minimize nutrition-related diseases
• improve animal well-being through proactive disease prevention and monitoring herd health, while providing prompt, appropriate treatments
• safeguard goat welfare by minimizing threats from barn fires, power or mechanical failures, extreme weather, and natural disasters
• ensure, through proper preparation, that goats being transported experience the least possible stress without pain and unnecessary suffering and arrive at their destination in good health and condition
• ensure that goats are euthanized or slaughtered promptly and with minimal pain and distress.

This Code does not cover all production and management practices relevant to each sector of goat production. Instead, principles applicable to all sectors of the industry are presented, along with some sector-specific considerations.

The goat Code includes important pre-transport considerations but does not address animal care during transport. Please consult the current Recommended Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Farm Animals: Transportation for information on animal care during transport (22).

Anyone building new or modifying or assuming management of existing goat facilities will need to be familiar with local, provincial, and federal requirements for construction, environmental management, and other areas outside the scope of this document. Individuals requiring further details should refer to local sources of information such as universities, agricultural ministries, and industry resources (refer to Appendix S – Resources for Further Information).

The Requirements in the Code may be enforced by various authorities (e.g., welfare agencies or governments) and can be used to legally define accepted standards of care in most provinces and territories. Provincial and Federal legislation are also applicable to livestock production (e.g., Health of Animals Act and its Regulations).

It is of benefit to the entire Canadian goat industry that the community of goat producers assures goat husbandry is of the highest standard possible. 

Glossary

Alternative medicines/therapies: defined as existing separately from and as a replacement for conventional veterinary medicine. The safety and efficacy of these alternative therapies should be demonstrated by scientific methods and evidence-based principles and should be provided within the context of a valid veterinary-client-patient relationship (1).

Analgesia: to control or reduce pain usually through the administration of a local anaesthetic or the use of a systemic medication such as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID).

Analgesic: a drug that relieves pain.

Anemia: a condition in which the blood is deficient of healthy red blood cells (2).

Artificially-raised: when kids are removed from the dam or orphaned/rejected and fed milk or milk replacer by stockpeople until they are weaned. Also known as “hand-reared.”

Assembly centre: for the purposes of Part XII of the Health of Animals Regulations, referring to a place where animals are transported for the purposes of assembly (includes auction markets, assembly yards, and holding facilities other than slaughter establishments; 3).

Barbiturate: an injectable anaesthetic and controlled drug that, when given in a high concentration, can be used by a veterinarian to perform euthanasia.

Bedded pack: bedding that consists of a selected bedding material being gradually added and mixed with animal manure (4).

Buck: adult male goat.

Buckling: a young male goat, usually less than 1 year of age.

Canadian Standards Association (CSA): a provider of product testing and certification services for electrical, mechanical, plumbing, gas, and other products (5).

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE): a virus that infects goats for life. Infected animals usually do not develop clinical signs of disease until approximately 3 years of age. Signs can include chronic arthritis, bursitis, and reduced milk production.

Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA, CL): a highly contagious bacterial disease transmitted by contact with contaminated goats, feed, bedding, stockpeople, or equipment. Characterized by abscesses in lymph nodes and sometimes internal organs.

Cashmere: soft downy winter hairusually gathered by combing. May be obtained from Cashmere goats bred specifically for cashmere production or in very small quantities from other breeds of goats.

Claiming pen: a pen where does and their newborn kids are kept to facilitate bonding. Also known as the bonding pen.

Cold stress: when goats are exposed to temperatures below their thermoneutral zone and they expend energy to keep warm. Cold stress can lead to severe hypothermia (rectal temperature < 37^o C).

Comb lifter: a plate, fitted to the bottom of a shearing comb, to leave an insulating cover of mohair on the Angora goat when shearing.

Competent person: a person whodemonstrates skill and/or knowledge regarding a particular topic, practice, or procedure that has been developed through training, education, experience, and/or mentorship.

Compromised animal: an animal with reduced capacity to withstand the stress of transport due to injury, fatigue, infirmity, poor health, distress, very young or old age, impending birth, peak lactation, or any other cause. Special provisions must be taken for transporting these animals (3).

Conjunctiva: mucousmembrane that lines the orbit of the eye and eyelid.

Consciousness: a state of awareness, able to feel pain and/or to respond to touch, sound, and/or sight.

Container: a box or crate designed, constructed, equipped, and maintained for the shipment of animals, suitable for the species (i.e., allows the animal to stand upright with all feet on the ground in preferred position, with full range of head movement, without touching any part of its body to the roof, top, or covering; is well ventilated; and is used in a manner that is not likely to cause injury, suffering, or death). Must also allow the animal to lie down and get up with ease and comfort. Can be moved independently from one mode of transportation to another (3).

Conveyance: any vehicle or container used to move animals or things. For example, conveyance can include aircraft, carriage, motor vehicle, trailer, railway car, vessel, and other means of transportation, including cargo containers (6).

Corneal reflex: involuntary blinking in response to touching the cornea (front of the eyeball).

Crook: a shepherd's staff with one end curved into a blunt hook, used to catch or restrain animals by the neck or leg.

Crutching: the removal of hair or mohair (Angora) from around the tail, flank, udder, perineum, and inner legs of the goat for the purposes of hygiene (e.g., kidding and suckling of newborn kids).

Dam-raised: a kid that is left to suckle on its mother until weaned.

Dehorning: the process of removing horn tissue after the horn bud attaches to the skull (7, 8).

Dewattling: removal of wattles (see “Wattles”).

Disbudding: a procedure that removes the horn bud (from which the horn grows) before it attaches to the skull (7, 8).

Disease: a disorder of structure or function of the body, especially one that produces specific signs of illness (e.g., fever, poorer growth) and is not simply a direct result of physical injury.

Doe: adult female goat.

Doeling: a young female goat, usually less than one year of age.

Dried-off: cessation of milking either with or without tapering-off. The udder ceases to produce milk until the doe gives birth again.

Drug Identification Number (DIN): an eight-digit number assigned by Health Canada that identifies a drug product that has been evaluated and approved for sale in Canada (9).

Dysentery: a gastrointestinal infection (usually due to a viral, bacterial, or parasitic infection) that causes abdominal pain and straining diarrhea containing blood or mucus (10).

Electroejaculation: the retrieval of semen by electrical stimulation of the prostate using an electroejaculator device.

Euthanasia: ending the life of an individual animal for humane reasons in a way that minimizes or eliminates pain and distress (11).

Exsanguination: removal of blood from the animal to the point of death.

Extra-Label Drug Use (ELDU): using a drug in any manner not indicated on the label.

Failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPT): when a newborn animal has not received adequate passive immunity (i.e., immunoglobulins) from the colostrum consumed. It may be because the level of immunoglobulins provided was inadequate or that the animal was unable to adequately absorb the immunoglobulins provided.

Fire break: a natural or constructed barrier used to stop or check fires that may occur or to provide a control line from which to work.

Fly strike: a painful condition which occurs when the eggs of blowflies are laid and hatch in a wound or in moist or manure-stained hair, and the maggots burrow and feed on the flesh of the live animal (12).

Foot scald: a bacterial infection between the claws of the foot (i.e., toes). The skin is reddened, swollen, and sensitive to touch, and the goat is lame. Often caused by wet, dirty, or muddy conditions (13).

Foot rot: disease of the foot caused by a bacterial infection (Dichelobacter nododus). It can cause painful erosion of tissue between the sole of the toe and outer hoof, resulting in severe lameness. Pus and a foul smell may also be present. It can be spread between goats by contaminated pasture, housing, and foot-trimming equipment (13).

Foremilk: the first stream of milk from the teat.

Free choice (ad libitum): unlimited access. Usually refers to feed and water.

Headstall: a stand that is constructed to hold a goat.

Heat stress: when goats are exposed to temperatures above their thermoneutral zone andmust use more energy to maintain normal body temperature. Heat stress can lead to hyperthermia (rectal temperature > 41°C).

Immunoglobulins: antibodies produced by immune cells in the animal’s body. Usually in response to infection with viruses, bacteria, or parasites; also produced in response to vaccination. The purpose of the antibodies is to fight the infectious agents.

Isolate: to keep an animal apart from other animals for the purpose of preventing contact. The reasons for isolation are many and include to prevent transmission of disease agents and to prevent injury or suffering.

Joint ill: a bacterial infection of the joints, usually of youngstock. The joints most often affected are the knees (carpus), stifles, and hocks. One or more joints may be involved.

Johne’s disease: a fatal bacterial gastrointestinal disease of goats and other ruminants (including cattle, sheep, elk, deer, and bison) that presents as severe weight loss in animals usually > 2 years of age. Also known as paratuberculosis, the bacteria are shed in the manure and sometimes milk for months before the animal appears ill and are very hardy to the environment (14).

Kid: a young goat (usually less than one year of age).

Limit feeding: limiting the amount of feed that is available over a set period of time; the goats may not necessarily eat to satiation (to appetite).

Livestock guardian animal: an animal used to protect livestock from predators. Commonly include certain breeds of dogs, as well as llamas and donkeys.

Loading density: the amount of space given to each animal per unit of space on a conveyance. It should be proportional to the animal's size, its condition, and the weather conditions (temperature and humidity) at the time of transport (3).

Local anesthetic: an anaesthetic drug that induces a loss of feeling or sensation in an area.

Low stress handling: handling goats in a quiet, calm, and controlled manner utilizing their natural herd instincts and behaviours to minimize stress and the risk of injury to the animal(s) and stockpeople.

Marking harness: a harness used with bucks consisting of a coloured crayon on the area of the buck’s brisket that marks does that have been mounted.

Mastitis: inflammation of the udder, usually due to an infectious agent. It may be clinical (e.g., the udder is swollen and hot, the milk discoloured) or subclinical (milk appears normal but milk production is decreased).

Medically Important Antimicrobials – Category I: Antimicrobials that are of very high importance in human medicine (e.g., carbapenums and fluroquinolones) and there are limited or no alternatives for these antimicrobials (15).

Medically Important Antimicrobials – Category II: Antimicrobials that are of high importance in human medicine (e.g., macrolides and penicillins) and alternative antimicrobials for these antimicrobials are generally available (15).

Medically Important Antimicrobials – Category III: Antimicrobials that are of medium importance in human medicine (e.g., sulphonamides and tetracyclines) and alternative antimicrobials for these antimicrobials are generally available (15).

Milk vein: a large subcutaneous vein that extends along each side of the lower abdomen of the goat and returns blood from the udder.

Mohair: fibre sheared from the Angora goat.

Moribund: an animal very near death; death is imminent.

Natural shelter: landscape features that form shelters. May include valleys, lee sides of hills, and bush areas. May provide shade, a cool place to lay, or wind protection.

NEMA 4X: a National Electrical Manufacturers Association rating for an outdoor electrical enclosure that incudes:

• protection against liquid and solid ingress
• resistance to corrosion
• protection against damage from ice forming on the outside of the enclosure (16).

Non-ambulatory animal: an animal that is unable or unwilling to stand or move forward without assistance. Non-ambulatory animals may also be called "downers."

Nursery-raised: See “artificially-raised.”

Passive immunity: immunization of kids from the passing of immunoglobulins from colostrum consumed. Protection usually lasts 4 to 6 weeks(10).

Pathogen: an agent (e.g., bacteria, virus, parasite) that can infect an animal and cause disease.

Perioperative analgesia: a drug administered before, during, and/or shortly after a procedure to control or reduce pain.

Photoperiod: the period of time each day during which goats receive light of a sufficient strength to mimic daylight.

Pithing: the process of destroying the brain tissue of an unconscious animal to prevent a return to consciousness and to assure death. Pithing is performed by inserting a rod through the hole in the skull created by a penetrating captive bolt device.

Pizzle: another term for penis.

Pizzle rot: infection and inflammation of the foreskin caused by feeding a diet high in soluble proteins or because conditions cause the area to become favourable to bacterial growth (e.g., mohair matting). May lead to fly strike, scarring of the preputial opening, or urine retention. Also known as “infectious balanoposthitis.”

Prepubescent: the period preceding puberty (i.e., sexual maturity). Puberty may be reached as young as 3 months of age for a buckling and 5 months of age for a doeling.

Queuing: One or more goats waiting in order to access a resource, such as feed or water that is occupied by another goat.

Ritual slaughter: the practice of slaughtering livestock for meat in the context of a ritual (i.e., for Judaic or Islamic law).

Scurs: a deformed horn resulting from damage to the horn bud; damage may be from injury or poor disbudding technique.

Shorn/Sheared: animals whose hair coat has recently been trimmed or clipped close to the skin, using either special hand or electric clippers designed for this purpose.

Stanchion: a set of adjustable, upright partitions that close around a goat's neck, so that the goat can be temporarily held (e.g., for milking and feeding).

Stillbirth: a kid born dead at term or dying very soon after birth as a result of the birth process.

Strip cup: a special-purpose cup with a dark solid-surfaced or fine-mesh lid. The foremilk is squirted onto the lid to detect abnormalities such as clots, discoloured or watery milk that may indicate mastitis (17).

Stocking density: the number of animals on a particular piece of land at a particular point in time (18).

Stunning: rendering an animal unconscious.

Sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA): an abnormally low ruminal pH (i.e., acidic). Occurs when goats have an unbalanced ration consisting of rapidly fermentable carbohydrate source (e.g., grain, pellets). May worsen if the diet contains insufficient effective fibre. Can cause chronic damage to the wall of the rumen and is an important risk factor for laminitis (19).

Tail web: a web of skin on either side of the base of the tail.

Top dress: when grain, mineral, or other supplement is added on top of another feed and offered to the animal without mixing.

Unconsciousness: insensible; unable to feel pain and to respond to touch, sound, and sight. Contrast with “consciousness” (10).

Underwriters Laboratories of Canada (ULC): an independent product safety testing, certification, and inspection organization – www.canada.ul.com.

Unfit animal: an animal that is sick, injured, disabled, or fatigued and that cannot be moved without causing additional suffering. These animals must not be transported unless under the recommendation of a veterinarian for veterinary care (with measures taken to prevent additional suffering; 3).

Urinary calculi: solid particles that form in the bladder when dietary conditions allow. In male goats, these stones may become lodged in the urethra and slow or prevent urination. Also known as “urolithiasis.”

Wasting: a serious loss of body weight (10).

Wattles: dangling appendages under the throat or along the neck of goats that serve no apparent purpose but contain blood, nerves, and cartilage.

Weaning: the practice of removing kids from the milk diet provided by the doe or a milk replacement diet (12).

Weaning stress: the stress associated with weaning that may result in slower growth or weight loss. Also known as “weaning shock.”

Wether: a castrated male goat.

Wool blindness: when excessive mohair growth near the eyes interferes with normal sight.

1.  Roles and Responsibilities

Producers and managers have a primary responsibility for ensuring that goat health and welfare are a priority on the farm. Before stockpeople are assigned their duties, they need to be knowledgeable of the basic needs of, and skilled in caring for, goats in all stages of production. While managers have a primary responsibility for ensuring personnel are trained, all those involved in animal care should be encouraged to identify areas where they would benefit from additional training.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. develop and implement a written Goat Welfare Policy outlining the farm’s commitment to responsible and humane animal care (refer to Appendix A – Sample Goat Welfare Policy)
2. identify supervisors or managers that personnel can approach with questions or concerns about animal care.

2.  Housing and Handling Facilities

Desired Outcome: ensure that housing (including natural shelter) and handling systems provide shelter and protection from extreme weather, adequate space and good air quality, allow safe movement of goats, and accommodate natural behaviours.

Goats may be raised indoors in loose housing, group pens, or with partial/full access to outdoor dry lots, yards, or pastures with night pens or shelters. They may also be raised exclusively outdoors with natural or manufactured shelter. Goats are highly adaptable to the various climates in Canada; however, they do require shelter from wind, rain, and extreme cold weather as well as protection from extreme heat. Goats tend to seek shelter or hide overnight, during adverse weather, when there is a risk of predators, and/or to escape aggressive behaviour (23, 24, 25, 26, 27).

Does kidding in winter or extreme cold and does raising nursing kids need a facility with maternity pens for kidding and early care to promote kid survival.

Natural landscape features are acceptable forms of shelter. Valleys, lee sides of hills, and bush areas can provide shade, a cool place to lay, and some protection from wind. Properly designed windbreaks and hedgerows can also provide additional protection from wind chill. It is critical that an adequate manufactured shelter is available to goats if natural landscape shelter or windbreaks do not provide sufficient protection from extreme weather. Monitoring behaviour, body condition, and goat health will support decision-making to build or use manufactured shelter.

2.1  Building Environment

2.1.1  Temperature

While goats tolerate hot and cold temperatures, they should be protected from large fluctuations in temperature, drafts, and wind chill.

Clean dry bedding will assist goats in being comfortable in cold weather. Shelter from snow and rain allow goats’ coats to remain dry and to provide maximum insulating value. The comfort zone for goats is between 10 and 20°C (50 to 68°F), but this will vary based on factors such as age and coat length. Temperatures over 26°C (80°F), however, seriously reduce feed intake and milk output (28).

Goats need higher energy in their diet to maintain body temperature and body condition during extreme cold. Signs of cold stress include shivering, huddling, grinding teeth, increased feed intake, and seeking shelter if available.

Newborn kids quickly use up their fat stores when born into a cold environment, especially if the kids are wet, and are at risk of starvation and chilling. Along with adequate colostrum, it is important to provide a warm, draft-free area for newborns and very young kids (e.g., supplemental heat, small shelter, or deep bedding) to prevent hypothermia (chilling) and starvation (29).

Goats experiencing heat stress may have increased respiration rates, panting, shallow breathing, reduced lying time, and increased shade seeking. Heat stress also lowers natural immunity, making animals more vulnerable to disease in the following days and weeks (30).

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. maintain kid-rearing areas at temperatures that keep kids in their comfort zones (i.e., no signs of heat or cold stress)
2. check heating systems regularly to ensure that they are safe and in good working order (31)
3. plan breeding to avoid winter kidding if housing and/or management cannot keep kids warm
4. mitigate cold stress using these steps (11):

• increase the ambient temperature in heated barns
• provide insulated and/or heated flooring
• protect goats from wind and moisture (e.g., wind break, three-sided shelters facing south) with the addition of a screen for wind protection
• provide straw bedding (which offers more insulation than other bedding types) and ensure that the depth permits goats to nest (legs are covered when laying down)
• adjust the feeding program to meet increased energy demands
• prevent condensation by assuring adequate ventilation
• provide goats with clean and dry goat coats or calf coats

5. mitigate heat stress using these steps (11):

• provide shade through natural or artificial means (e.g., shade cloths, trees)
• provide ample cool, clean water
• avoid handling or other stressors especially during the hottest times of the day
• increase air flow: open vents (i.e., windows, curtains), add more fans to indoor housing.

2.1.2  Ventilation and Air Quality

Proper ventilation is critical to maintaining good air quality and a good barn environment for goats. Pneumonia, hypothermia, and cold stress all contribute to kid mortality and can be minimized with properly ventilated buildings (12). 

Air quality is affected by humidity, dust, odours, and the accumulation of gases such as ammonia. Decomposition of feces and urine produces ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane gas, and other odours (33).

 The ventilation system, whether natural or mechanical, should (21):

• provide adequate fresh air at all times
• distribute fresh air uniformly without causing drafts
• exhaust the respired moisture
• remove odours and gases, such as ammonia (34).

Humidity levels vary depending on weather conditions, stocking density, bedding management, and goat diet. Air circulation that reaches the manure pack reduces buildup of humidity. Excess moisture from wet bedding and expired air will condense on cold surfaces (e.g., ceilings, exterior walls, and steel beams), adversely affect air quality, and settle on the goats, which will lower the ability of the animals to withstand cold stress.

Manure gases can increase the risk of respiratory infections by interfering with the immune system of the lung, in particular its ability to clear pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. Manure gases are heavier than air and so are in higher concentrations closer to the ground, thus putting younger/smaller goats at higher risk of their adverse effects (35).

Ammonia is recognized as an irritant to goats’ eyes and respiratory tract and can pose a health threat not only to goats but also to the people that work with them. Sheep (and possibly goats) exposed to ammonia levels of 21 mg/m³ or higher may reduce feed intake and weight gain (36). A maximum ammonia concentration of 25 ppm corresponds to safety standards established for humans for continuous 8-hour exposure but is not necessarily pleasant for humans or animals (37, 38). The smell of ammonia generally becomes aversive to humans at a concentration of 17 ppm (39). Once aversive, steps should be taken to establish a comfortable environment for goats and personnel (e.g., opening windows or doors).

Providing sufficient fresh air to lower ammonia without causing cold drafts may involve increased monitoring of the environment, installing additional equipment, renovating building(s), and adjusting settings on windows, doors, chimney baffles, curtains, and ventilation fans.

Properly designed ventilation is a critical component to housing design and will contribute to animal, as well as worker, health and safety by assuring good air quality. Improved air quality reduces incidence of respiratory illnesses and promotes better welfare for goats and humans within the barn environment.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. establish a protocol or written standard operating procedure (SOP) for inspecting and maintaining ventilation systems
2. ensure that stockpeople are able to recognize the physical human response to high manure gases levels when entering barns (e.g., odour, irritation of the eyes [tearing], nose, and lungs)
3. remove manure as required to maintain good air quality
4. add more bedding to manure packs to reduce ammonia release
5. measure ammonia levels using an instrument or test kit to determine levels
6. consult an agricultural engineer to help solve ventilation issues
7. adjust ventilation rate and/or lower the stocking density in hot weather
8. eliminate cold drafts at animal level and/or add a safe supplementary heater, if necessary, in cold weather
9. maintain good air quality through sufficient air exchange regardless of weather conditions and outside temperatures
10. use an electrician and/or a professional during ventilation installation to avoid fire hazards.

2.1.3  Lighting

Goats are seasonal breeding animals that are sensitive to photoperiod.

Light is required for proper observation, care of the herd, and goats’ activities during the day. Lighting can be controlled or artificially manipulated, depending on breeding management needs. An appropriate period of rest from artificial lighting (e.g., 6 hours) allows goats to maintain their natural photoperiod. 

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. window area should equal a minimum of 5% (1/20) of ground surface area (22)
2. clean windows to maximize light entry.

2.2  Building Features

2.2.1  Pen Design

Penning should be effective, comfortable, safe, durable, and permit the observation of all animals. Pens should also provide room for rest and exercise. Pen sizes should allow for kidding, treating sick animals, isolation, and husbandry procedures, as well as low-stress movement within a facility. Hospital pens should allow more space per goat for resting, feeding, and drinking.

Pen and alley design should consider common goat behaviours such as:

• goats are naturally playful with a propensity to climb, jump, and escape
• goats are curious. Horns, heads, and feet can get trapped in small openings
• goats like to stand with front feet elevated on horizontal gates, penning, fences, and equipment
• goats want to see where they are going
• goats prefer to be near their herd and are stressed when alone.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. consider natural goat behaviours in animal flow designs to minimize stress
2. note repeated injuries or mortalities when handling animals, and determine causes to prevent future injuries
3. locate hospital and maternity pens apart from one another
4. provide safe options for goats to climb, such as raised platforms (40, 41). 

2.2.2  Floor Space Allowance in Pens

The amount of space needed per goat varies greatly depending on breed, age, size, presence of horns, feeding, reproductive stage, temperature, environment, production style, and pen management. For example, the space needed for a pregnant doe with horns may double in the last month of gestation as size increases and the doe becomes more irritable, especially in hot weather.

Overcrowding is stressful for goats and can lead to fighting as goats try to establish social dominance. At higher stocking densities, lower-ranking goats will spend less time at feeders and less time laying down resting.

It is important to observe goats for negative behaviours such as:

• clashing and butting
• pushing and displacing
• threatening (or bullying)
• nipping and biting
• dirty hair (from goats climbing over each other to access feed)
• noticeable queuing (lining up) at feeder(s) or waterer(s)
• decreased feed intake, lost body condition (particularly among goats of lower social ranking).

Providing raised platforms in goat housing is an effective way to increase space allowance without increasing the dimensions of a pen, while allowing goats to perform their natural behaviours of climbing and hiding. Multiple levels may also reduce aggressive behaviours between goats (42).

Some minimum space allowance guidelines are reflected in Table 2.1. Less than 1.5 m² of space is considered to adversely affect an adult goat’s welfare (43). The goal in all cases is to provide every goat with enough space to perform their normal behaviours (e.g., eating, sleeping). It is critical that stockpeople observe goats for overcrowding behaviours (i.e., indicating a need for more space per goat).

Exceeding minimum floor space guidelines will likely decrease fighting and stress and benefit goat health and welfare.

Table 2.1 – Minimum Floor Space per Goat for Different Physiological Stages

*Minimum floor space is dependent on breed, age, size, presence of horns, feeding, reproductive stage, temperature, environment, production style, and pen management. Increase space allowance by 10% when in full fleece, 17% for horned goats, and 25% for pregnant does. Smaller goat breeds may need less space.

Adapted from Canadian Agri-Food Research Council (CARC) (2003) Recommended Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Farm Animals – Goats. Available at: https://www.nfacc.ca/pdfs/codes/goat_code_of_practice.pdf, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (2010) Minimum Specification for Goat Housing. Available at: www.assets.gov.ie/95220/7d55e060-baf8-428b-b5e8-e3a6cfe419f3.pdf, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries (n.d.) Artificial methods of rearing goats. Available at: www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/animals-and-livestock/goats/mgt/rearing, and Vas J., Chojnacki R., Kjøren M.F., Lyngwa C. & Andersen I.L. (2013) Social interactions, cortisol and reproductive success of domestic goats (Capra hircus) subjected to different animal densities during pregnancy. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 147(1–2):117–126.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. increase space for goats in late gestation
2. increase space for goats in warm weather
3. increase space for goats with horns
4. increase space for goats in pens when bucks are present for active breeding
5. increase space allowances by:

• extending pen space
• moving goats
• reducing group size
• providing raised platforms.

2.3  Flooring

Goats prefer to walk on hard surfaces. Hard surfaces allow for natural wear of the hoof wall and may help promote hoof health. Goats may choose to lay on hard, dry surfaces like metal, wood, or rubber mattresses while they use areas bedded with shavings and straw for urination and defecation (45, 46). For this reason, providing both a bedded area and a hard, dry surface may be beneficial.

Flooring of bedded pens can be dirt or gravel, wood, rubber, plastic, or concrete. Bedding materials should be safe, non-toxic, and able to absorb moisture. There are typical welfare issues associated with different types of flooring.

Wood and earthen floors, if wet or muddy, create ideal conditions for foot rot and flies. Drainage, diverting rainwater, combined with bedding management can mitigate wetness. Dry lots should be well-drained. Inside earth/gravel floors should be set-up so drainage can occur (e.g., on grade, use of drainage tiles, correct materials).

Concrete floors, if designed to drain well, can be easily cleaned and sanitized. Newborn kids born on bare concrete can slip and are prone to splayed leg injuries. These floors also tend to be cold and damp. Good bedding management can overcome these issues.

Slatted floor nurseries (e.g., renovated pig barns) need to be kept warmer. For optimum kid health, floors need to be clean, with no drafts from below. The primarily milk diet, high urine production, higher temperatures, and lower amounts of bedding all promote the production of ammonia gases. Good hygiene and ventilation are imperative for raising healthy kids on slatted floors.

Refer to Section 2.8 – Bedding and Manure Management for more information. 

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. choose flooring types that are non-slip but not overly abrasive (47, 48)
2. locate sheds and other structures with earthen floors on well-drained sites or where runoff is diverted away from goat housing.

2.4  Feeder Design

Design feeders and feeding systems so that all goats can easily obtain feed comfortably and at the same time, especially when limit feeding a ration. Feeding space should be adjusted as youngstock grow, pregnancies progress, and for varying sizes across breeds and body types. Large-framed breeds, pregnant goats, and goats with horns may all require more physical space at feeders—up to double the space compared to hornless, dry goats (33).

It is very important to observe goats while feeding, note aggression or overcrowding behaviours, and increase feeding spaces accordingly. This may include installing new feeders, adding portable or temporary feeders or feed stations to pens, moving goats to different pens or pastures, or providing trays, buckets, or meals for individual timid goats.

Decreased feeder space per goat can lead to lower-ranking animals being forced to share feeding spaces or being prevented from feeding as higher-ranking animals take up multiple feeding spaces (49). For lower-ranking goats, this can lead to decreased time spent feeding, less frequent feeding, and more time waiting to feed (50).

Forage fed free choice in bale feeders and racks will need about half the feeder space. When feeding a total mixed ration, grain ration, or when top-dressing a ration, increase bunk space or reduce the number of goats in the pen until all goats can access feed at the same time. It is critical to get higher feed intake in the last trimester of pregnancy. Bucks in breeding pens may disrupt doe feed intake and take up multiple feeding spaces.

Feeding systems that are easy to clean and discourage fecal contamination make it easier and more likely to provide safe, clean, and palatable feed. Goats will have higher feed intake and better health when feeders are kept clean.

Table 2.2 – Minimum Feeder Space per Goat

*The amount of feed space required is dependent on the size of goat, presence of horns, type of feed, and the feeding methods.

Adapted from Goat Code of Practice Scientific Committee (2020) Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Goats: Review of Scientific Research on Priority Issues. Lacombe, AB: National Farm Animal Care Council.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. allow additional feeder space (up to double) for pregnant does, especially at late stages of gestation
2. monitor the herd and increase feeder space per goat if there is queuing at the feeder
3. using dividers in the feeder will prevent goats from jostling and pushing each other at feeders and reduce aggression
4. using raised feeder designs will allow goats to express their natural instinct to reach up and out to eat (52)
5. elevate mangers 25–30 cm (10–12") above the floor or curb level
6. accommodate the increasing depth of manure pack when setting feeder height
7. design and manage feeders to prevent contamination of feed with manure, urine, or spoiled feed
8. set large bales into bale feeders to avoid crushing/smothering injuries from bale collapse.

2.5  Watering Systems

Goats are very selective about the water they drink. Snow and ice are not suitable sole sources of water for goats. Electrically heated pails and water trough de-icing or heating devices, if not operating correctly, can shock goats as they drink, thus limiting their water consumption. Electrical panels must be checked to ensure that devices are properly grounded.

Waterers may cause a wet environment (e.g., leak or overflow), with more potential for flies, bacteria, and disease. Deep water troughs and 20 L (5 gal) pails of water are a drowning hazard to smaller goats. Waterers should be secured so they cannot be tipped.

Walking far distances to find water consumes energy, which is a greater consideration in very cold and very hot or dry weather. Goats on lush pasture may only drink 1–2 times per day, but on dryer forage, goats will need to drink more often. Refer to Section 4.7 – Drinking Water.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. encourage water intake using warm water, especially for lactating dairy goats. 15°C (59°F) is ideal (53)
2. use warmer water rather than cold water when goats are experiencing heat stress
3. waterers should be scrubbed weekly, at a minimum
4. test well water and surface water used for drinking at least annually for indictors of water quality (53)
5. access to surface water in pastures should not cause erosion or reduce water quality. It may be against local regulations to allow livestock to access surface water
6. ensure that on pastures, water is within 0.8 km (½ mile) of grazing areas (53)
7. limit depth of water for tanks and troughs used by kids to 20 cm (8"; 53).

2.6  Handling Systems

Goats do not flow through a handling system as smoothly as cattle and sheep and tend to rush toward an actual or expected opening. Goats readily drop to the ground under crowding pressure and are at greater risk from trampling and smothering.

For larger herds and difficult jobs, a good handling system contributes to lowering both animal and human stress. While a handling system is not always feasible or necessary, developing a process for handling will considerably help to manage stress.

Goats should be handled quietly. Goats will startle at sudden, loud, or unfamiliar sounds (e.g., air compressors or metal gates slamming). Excess noise creates agitation.

Longer chutes tend to cause crowding and trampling at the forward end and should be divided into sections with stop gates. An adjustable chute will allow for the handling of small goats and kids through to large bucks and goats with horns. The sides of the chute should be smooth and solid to prevent climbing and to encourage forward movement.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. ensure that handling systems are suitable for goats
2. use a chute with solid sides to contribute to easier movement and prevent entrapment of horned goats
3. walk the route and look for things that may cause distractions or balking before moving goats
4. provide sufficient area and a clear, well-lit path for goats to move in desired directions
5. ensure equipment is designed to minimize noise.

2.7  Enrichment

Goats need to be kept busy, as boredom is a welfare concern. Enrichments that are safe for goats, such as brushes, platforms, opportunities for climbing and hiding, and brush or trees offer amendments to housing and allow goats to perform their natural behaviours.

Providing enrichment can have long-term benefits such as reducing stress and aggression when exposed to changes in routine (such as handling or transport). Providing enrichment may also increase growth rates (54).

Does like to hide their newborn kids, and young kids will hide in small, safe enclosed spaces and corners (55).

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. provide more than one form of enrichment for goats.

2.8  Bedding and Manure Management

Safe and dry bedding added consistently will keep animals comfortable and dry.

All goat housing areas, regardless of system, should be well drained to avoid wet conditions that can create welfare and health challenges (e.g., foot diseases, flies). Bedding provides warmth, insulation, and comfort for goats. In bedded pack systems, it is important to add fresh bedding material as necessary to keep bedding clean and dry, especially during kidding.

Manure and waste present a risk for spread of disease. For example, Johne’s disease and coccidiosis are spread through fecal-oral contact. Infectious abortion diseases are shed in birth fluids at kidding time and for up to 2 weeks after kidding. Waste may be an attractant for flies, scavengers, predators, and pests.

As a guide, bedding is too wet if one’s knees feel wet after 25 seconds of kneeling in the area. Goats look visibly dirty when bedding is insufficient and/or the pen environment is too wet (56).

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. avoid using sawdust bedding
2. do not use spoiled hay in pens for bedding (associated with increased risk of listeriosis)
3. observe the legs of goats over pressure points for signs of abrasions, swelling, or sores indicating inadequate bedding management
4. add clean, dry bedding to maintain a dry, comfortable surface for goats (especially for bedded-pack pens)
5. if bedding is too wet, check reason (e.g., leaky watering devices), and address promptly
6. establish a protocol or written standard operating procedure (SOP) for waste removal.

2.9  Outdoor Facilities – Grazing and Pasturing

2.9.1  Fencing

Secure and robust fencing limits injury or escape. No single fence design is suitable for all landscapes, site conditions, or containment requirements (57).

Goats confined in smaller enclosures are more likely to investigate and damage fencing (58). Goats naturally want to stand on, or climb over, fences, creating sagging gaps and pressing fences outward. Horned goats can easily become entrapped in page wire fencing. It is very important to monitor fences every day and to release entrapped goats promptly.

Escaped goats usually do not stray far from their herds, although they become more vulnerable to predators.

Table 2.3 – Types of Fencing for Goats

Sources: Belanger J. & Bredesen S.T. (2018) Storey's Guide to Raising Dairy Goats, 5th Edition: Breed Selection, Feeding, Fencing, Health Care, Dairying, Marketing. Storey Publishing. Ontario Goat (2014) Best Management Practices for Commercial Goat Production. Guelph ON: Ontario Goat.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. inspect all fences at least monthly (and repair if necessary). Additional inspections may be necessary immediately after a wind storm, snow blizzard, heavy blowing snow, or after escaped animals have returned (57). Additional inspections may be necessary for electric fencing
2. check fences to ensure that they are firm and upright and that tension is being maintained (53)
3. ensure that fencing is low to the ground to prevent animals from escaping, but tall enough to prevent predators from entering or goats from jumping out
4. test electric fences for proper voltage and grounding and clear scrub and weeds from around the electrified strands (53)
5. ensure that all perimeter gates have secure mechanisms to prevent accidental opening (e.g., latches, hooks, chains).

2.10  Milking Parlours

Most dairy goats are milked in a parlour although in smaller operations goats may be milked in a headstall. The parlour needs to be well designed so that the animals are not stressed or injured at milking time and move easily in and out. Good parlour design will also aid in complete, fast, and stress-free milk out (59). Most design layouts have 2 components: the milking parlour and the holding area.

The holding area is next to the parlour and holds groups so that milking can be done with a continual flow. A good design will make it easy for the animals to see where they are going (i.e., the parlour). No slope, or a steady low slope, will reduce stress when goats enter and leave the parlour. A space allowance of 0.325 m² (3.5 ft²) is used as the goats are crowded only for a short time. A safe backing gate can be used to bring in the latecomers.

The milking parlour, which may vary widely in design, needs to be safe and not stressful for the animal. The floor should be smooth enough to be easy to clean, but with enough gripping surface so as not to be slippery. The headlock (if used), panels separating the goats during milking, and milking units should be adjusted so as not to injure any animals. Feeding in the parlour is optional and contributes to keeping the goat occupied, although may not be ideal for nutritional health. It is important to keep these working areas well illuminated (60).

Parlours should be easy to maintain and keep clean to safeguard animal health (by reducing potential for udder infections). Traffic through a parlour will inevitably cause a build-up of manure, urine, spilled milk, teat dip, and feed. It is critical for udder health that the parlour be set up for routine cleaning and sanitizing. It will also prevent a build-up of flies which cause mastitis and other diseases (55). Refer to Section 5.10.2 – Milking Procedures.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. ensure that milking parlours and holding areas are free of steep slopes (i.e., no more than 35°; 3)
2. ensure that floors provide good traction to prevent slipping, even when wet
3. ensure that parlour areas are well illuminated and ventilated
4. goats should not be held in holding areas longer than 30 minutes
5. use fans or other technology to moderate temperature extremes and eliminate condensation in milking parlours and holding areas.

3. Emergency Preparedness and Management

Desired Outcome: To safeguard goat welfare by minimizing threats from barn fires, power or mechanical failures, extreme weather, and natural disasters.

3.1 Emergency Prevention and Preparedness

Emergencies may arise and compromise goat welfare due to power failures, barn fires, wildfires, flooding, disruption of supplies, etc.

Emergencies are, by their nature, atypical and undesirable. They interrupt normal routines and can be quite devastating. It is normal, therefore, to avoid thinking about them, let alone planning for such. Advanced meaningful planning may help to prevent bad situations from becoming much worse.

Pre-planning (e.g., predicting, planning, and preventing) may enable producers to prevent emergencies and to respond in a timely and effective manner, thus providing for the welfare of goats during emergencies. Once methods to prevent emergency situations have been put in place and preparation for different types of emergencies has been completed, action plans must be established in case emergencies arise.

Emergency planning begins with the recognition that emergencies create stress, and that stress makes it harder to think clearly and act rationally. For this reason, effective emergency planning should strive to be as clear and as actionable as possible. While no two farm plans will be identical, there are common elements or steps that should be addressed (e.g., refer to Appendix B – Emergency Telephone List and Appendix C – Mapping Barns and Surrounding Areas for Fire Services). For most, if not all emergencies, the steps to be followed in terms of planning and responding are similar.

Do not assume that everyone knows what to do in the case of emergencies—this may not be the case. Make sure that everyone around the farm, including family members, knows what to do and that they have practiced different emergency plans—at least once. Practicing emergency scenarios is important to ensure that people respond calmly and automatically in possibly panic-inducing situations.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. ensure that stockpeople and family member training includes an annual review of the emergency procedures
2. consider emergency management protocols when designing or renovating facilities (e.g., rapid evacuation of livestock, installation of fire alarms, emergency lighting)
3. decide how and where animals will be relocated if necessary. Refer to Section 3.1.4 – Deciding to Evacuate or to Shelter in Place).

3.1.1  Fire in Farm Buildings

Fires in farm buildings are devastating events. The loss of animals, buildings, and equipment can be overwhelming. Approximately 40% of all barn fires are caused by faulty electrical systems, making it one of the leading causes of barn fires (62). Regular inspections and maintenance are key to reducing the risk of barn fires.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. ensure that a fire safety self-assessment is completed annually. Refer to Appendix D – Assessing Farm Buildings for Fire Prevention
2. consult local fire services for specific advice on fire prevention, including the correct number of and best location for fire extinguishers
3. inspect and maintain electrical systems on a regular basis
4. smoking, using torches, or other ignition sources (e.g., devices for disbudding kids), should not be allowed near any flammable materials
5. refuel engines outside of barns, and only once they have been turned off and cooled down
6. vent and provide a fresh air supply where grain handling and feed preparation activities generate dust
7. properly protect electrical fixtures using conduit fittings and NEMA 4X
8. use of totally enclosed fan-cooled motors is recommended
9. remove combustible materials from around electrical systems and farm buildings to prevent build-up
10. store flammable compounds in separate areas/buildings that are suitable for combustible materials and away from animal housing
11. harvest and store hay properly to lower risk of spontaneous combustion
12. store only a small amount of hay near animal housing
13. only heat lamps or infra-red heaters with the CSA or ULC labels should be used.

3.1.2  Wildfires

A wildfire involves the uncontrolled burning of grasslands, brush, or woodlands. Wildfires destroy property and valuable natural resources and may threaten the lives of people and animals.

Wildfires can occur at any time of year, but usually occur during dry, hot weather. Check federal and provincial government websites for wildfire probability forecasts (e.g., Environment Canada). Local radio and television stations also broadcast information and warnings on local fire conditions.

Wildfires are normally recognized by dense smoke, which may fill the air over a large area. When a wildfire occurs, the decision to shelter in place, evacuate animals, and/or evacuate people must be continually considered as the situation evolves. Refer to Section 3.1.4 – Deciding to Evacuate or to Shelter in Place.

There are several actions that can be taken to prevent or reduce wildfires. The first is to reduce the risk of starting a fire in your own backyard. Refer to Section 3.1.1 – Fire in Farm Buildings, for guidance.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. use only fire-resistant materials on the exterior of your barn or home, including the roof, siding, decking, and trim
2. consider installing fire suppression systems for buildings as well as an outdoor system
3. when constructing pools and ponds, make them accessible to fire equipment—they may serve as a source of water for fighting wildfires
4. ensure that dedicated hoses are long enough to reach all parts of your building
5. maintain a fire break around the perimeter of the property, pastures, or buildings
6. controlled burns should not be conducted near livestock buildings. Local fire departments should be consulted for advice on controlled burns.

3.1.3  Power/Mechanical Failure

Power and mechanical failures may trigger on-farm emergencies capable of endangering animals and their caretakers. These failures have a greater impact on goats that are reliant on power and mechanics to provide feed, water, ventilation, and milking.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. calculate the amount of water that your goats need daily. A reliable backup source of water of acceptable quality should be identified. This can be a well if a generator is available to operate a pump
2. estimate the electrical needs of your farm to ensure production and management continuance
3. a generator (fuel or tractor powered) should be available for emergency use
4. keep fuel reserves sufficient to run the generator for 72 hours on-site
5. alarms and fail-safe devices, including an on-farm alternate power supply, should be tested according to manufacturer’s recommendations to ensure that they are in working order
6. a standard operating procedure for maintenance of all equipment and services on-farm should be developed and available for stockpeople
7. determine the minimum daily feed ration for the goats’ level of production. Consult with your nutritionist or supplier to establish these minimums
8. keep extra maintenance supplies and parts on hand in case of longer delivery times due to adverse weather conditions or road closures in your area.

3.1.4  Deciding to Evacuate or to Shelter in Place

In times of extreme environmental conditions, and if thorough preparations are in place (including a good emergency plan that can be implemented if or when needed), staying on-farm may be conceivable. However, in emergency situations involving flooding or wildfires, the evacuation of animals and/or humans may be necessary. To help prepare for proper evacuation planning of animals and family, consider the following:

• contact local emergency management authorities to become familiar with at least 2 possible evacuation routes
• arrange for a place to shelter animals (e.g., fairgrounds, other farms, racetracks, exhibition centres). Accommodations will need to include milking equipment for dairy goats (as applicable)
• consider the health status of the herd and whether they will come into contact with other herds during evacuation
• ensure that enough feed, water, and medical supplies are available at the destination
• consider how animals and people will be safely transported
• make sure animals have enough identification (e.g., ear tags or leg bands) to be able to tell them apart from others
• make sure to have adequate and safe fencing or pens to separate and group animals appropriately
• prepare an emergency kit that will follow the animals (refer to Appendix E – To Prepare in Case of Evacuation).

There may be circumstances where the risk to life is great and there is not enough time to evacuate animals (e.g., having a wildfire start in the immediate area). In this situation:

• protection of human life and safety should be the priority
• after ensuring human safety and if it is safe to do so and time permits:
  • open gates between pens and pastures to give the animals more room to escape the hazard. Do not to let animals out into unfenced areas as they could become hazards on roads or for emergency rescue teams
  • put extra feed and water out where the animals can get to it, as it may be a few days before caretakers are allowed to return home
  • consider turning off power, propane, and natural gas to reduce the chance of these utilities causing additional problems.

If a decision is made to remain on the property during an emergency, decide whether to confine animals in an available shelter or leave them outdoors. A safe pasture has:

• no overhead power lines or poles
• no debris or sources of blowing debris
• adequate and safe fences that will contain the animals
• enough open space to allow animals to avoid blowing debris
• access to at least 3 days of food and clean water.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. consider likely emergencies your farm may experience and whether you would evacuate or shelter in place. Create a written evacuation and/or shelter in place plan(s)
2. when advance notice of an emergency is available, evacuation plans should be applied at least 72 hours before anticipated landfall to avoid being caught in high winds, flooded roads, or heavy traffic.

3.1.5  Catastrophic Animal Losses

Even if well prepared, emergency circumstances can bring about situations where animal health and welfare may be compromised to a point that euthanasia must be considered. In some situations, entire groups of animals may have died or must be euthanized (e.g., following a barn fire or other natural disaster, or as a result of disease outbreak) and in both cases carcasses will need to be removed and suitably disposed.

In some cases, government representatives may be involved in the decision-making and euthanasia processes. Euthanizing goats must always employ humane techniques (refer to Section 8 – Euthanasia and On-farm Slaughter).

A plan for euthanizing an entire herd should provide guidance in the event of a disease outbreak or other unexpected disaster (refer to current provincial and federal regulations). Plans will need to be reviewed regularly and updated as needed.

Plans should include:

• euthanasia method(s)
• biosecurity considerations
• identification of appropriately trained individuals to oversee and participate in the process
• reporting procedures (to designated authorities)
• safety procedures for personnel
• carcass disposal.

Those involved in euthanizing large numbers of goats, particularly when they are ill but may still appear healthy, can suffer emotional stress. Moreover, individuals may encounter physical fatigue. Both types of stress can have a negative impact on goat welfare during the euthanasia event.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. develop a plan in advance for the appropriate disposal of carcasses (refer to current provincial and federal regulations) in the case of animal losses or mass euthanasia.

4.  Feed and Water

Desired Outcome: For goats to receive a diet of sufficient quality and quantity to maintain good health.

4.1  Feed

4.1.1  Managing Feeding and Nutrition

Providing good nutrition prevents disease and enhances welfare. Goats receiving inadequate diets are more prone to disease and will fail to reach their genetic potential.

Diets must take into consideration:

• environmental conditions/weather
• type of production system, level, and stage of production
• level of activity, age, size, species, and sex (buck vs. doe)
• body condition
• feed and water quality and availability.

Goats are browsers. The normal feeding behaviour of goats involves continual picking and choosing of forages. Managing feed and feeding to allow goats to select and sort their ration means that the diet consumed may be different from what is intended.

Qualified small ruminant nutritionists and agronomists can provide specific information on forage cropping, appropriate types of feed ingredients, feed sample results, and correct balancing of rations (63).

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. producers and stockpeople should be familiar with the nutritional requirements of their goats
2. work with a qualified nutritionist to formulate rations to meet dietary needs
3. formulate mineral mixes specifically for dietary needs of goats (32)
4. analyze forages for nutrient content before feeding to allow for correct balancing of the diet
5. encourage producers and stockpeople to become familiar with potential micronutrient deficiencies or excesses in their geographic area and formulate rations accordingly (32)
6. keep up-to-date feed and ration ingredient lists or tags of formulations, including mineral/vitamin mixes, to verify balanced diet
7. provide quantities at each feeding that will be fully used and push up feed in bunks/alleys to ensure it can be easily accessed to prevent feed from becoming rancid (53)
8. remove rejected, soiled, or spoiled feed from feed alley or trough before adding more feed (53)
9. support optimal rumen performance by consistently and routinely providing only the amount of feed required for 1 day (53), and provide fresh feed every day.

4.1.2  Managing Feeding and Body Condition

On-farm husbandry and management directly influence body condition. Body condition scoring (BCS) evaluates the amount of muscle and fat over the ribs, spine, and sternum. It is a tool widely used by livestock producers as an aid to herd management and can also be a key tool for on-farm assessment and management of goat welfare (64).

Both emaciation (a BCS of less than 2 out of 5) and obesity (a BCS of greater than 4 out of 5) can compromise the health and welfare of the individual goat and the herd. Doe condition has a major effect on colostrum quality and kid development and survival. Obesity is a particular welfare concern for pregnant does, which may experience reduced appetites and be at risk for developing pregnancy toxaemia. Emaciation may result from inadequate feed intake, chronic disease, or dental problems (32). Does that are too thin will have low milk production and reproductive issues in the next lactation (32). When BCS changes, it is critical to make corrections to diet and feeding management before goat health declines.

Target body condition scores will vary depending upon stage of production.

Table 4.1 –  Acceptable Body Condition Scores (BCS) for Production Stages

Adapted from Ontario Goat’s Body Condition Score, Appendix F – Body Condition Scoring, and OMAFRA. 2021. Body Condition Scoring Dairy Goats. Available at: www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/goat/news/dgg1708a5.htm.

Lactation places a very high nutritional demand on the doe regardless of production type and so the diet must be formulated to meet this need. Dietary requirements at peak lactation often exceed what the doe can safely consume daily. Shortages of energy in the diets of lactating does translates quickly to reduction in milk production (a concern for nursing meat and fibre does). High producing dairy goats can lose weight (up to 7 kg) during the first months of lactation as they mobilize body reserves to produce milk. They eventually need to regain this weight (33). Lactating doe BCS must not drop below 2.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. ensure that the technique of Body Condition Scoring is learned and used to assess whether the diet of the herd is maintaining goats in an acceptable range of body condition appropriate to their stage of production (Appendix F – Body Condition Scoring)
2. incorporate BCS scores into the livestock record keeping system
3. if the body condition of a group or herd drops, consult a nutritionist and/or veterinarian to investigate and take corrective action
4. note the body condition of goats that hang back from a group at feeding time, queue to feed after the main group, or experience persistent bullying from other goats
5. take corrective action if goats are being deprived of feed (goats could be fed separately, moved to different or smaller groups/pens where they can compete, or be removed from the herd).

4.1.3  Managing Feed Quality

Feed must be carefully monitored so that any spoiled feed or forage can be removed and not fed to goats. Spoiled feed can have lower palatability as well as reduced nutrient content due to contamination, incorrect fermentation, or wet storage conditions. Preventing goats from eating spoiled feed is easier than treating diseases caused by poor feed quality. Not all spoilage or contamination is visible or commonly tested for. Spoilage is accelerated in warmer weather.

Hay and forage containing particles of soil increases the risk for bacteria such as Clostridium tetani and Listeria monocytogenes. Listeriosis and clostridial diseases are often fatal without early identification and intervention. Hay contaminated with cat feces or dead rodents increases the risk for toxoplasmosis.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. monitor and observe goats for signs of feed refusal or illness. Investigate promptly
2. store feed in a dry area to avoid mold formation and spoilage (53)
3. when handling haylage/silage, take care to disturb as little as possible. Any air that enters may decrease feed value and palatability (53)
4. when feeding haylage/silage in warmer weather, feed smaller amounts more frequently to reduce spoilage and feed refusal (53)
5. cover all feed hoppers, bins, carts, and storage containers to minimize contamination by feces from birds and other animals
6. protect hay and straw from access by cats, rodents, and raccoons. Unprotected top bales are more likely to be contaminated with urine and feces and should not be fed to pregnant does
7. regularly inspect all feedstuffs for mold or spoilage (53)
8. spoiled or contaminated feed should be disposed or composted away from feed storage and production areas.

4.2  Newborn Kids and Colostrum

Kid illness and mortality are welfare concerns. Proper colostrum management is crucial for the prevention of kid mortality and supporting optimal health (Table 4.2; 41).

Table 4.2 – Colostrum Guidelines                                                                                              

Good quality colostrum can be frozen for future use. Commercial goat colostrum replacement products are typically of bovine origin, which supplies the necessary energy but may impact the effectiveness in building antibodies specific to goats. Fresh or frozen or heat-treated goat or bovine colostrum and freeze-dried bovine or goat colostrum powder are all acceptable sources of colostrum. Improper or overheating of fresh or frozen colostrum can degrade antibodies and reduce passive transfer of immunity.

Bottle feeding colostrum allows kids to learn to suckle. Suckling triggers the esophageal groove reflex, which is the most efficient way for antibodies to reach the gut wall. Tube feeding allows the most control over amount, quality, and timing of feedings.

Additional information about colostrum management is provided in Appendix S – Resources for Further Information.

4.2.1  Colostrum Management for Dam-Raised Kids

Practices including doe vaccination programs, maintaining acceptable BCS, udder health, and dry goat management all contribute to good quantity and quality of colostrum. Vigour and fullness in the kid’s gut needs to be carefully assessed in the first hours of life to identify kids that need additional energy and immunoglobulins from supplemented colostrum.

Triplets, quadruplets, and small or weak kids are at greater risk of insufficient intake (68). Lost, mis-mothered, orphaned, and rejected kids are also at risk.

When supplementing colostrum, follow the procedures for artificially-raised kids outlined below (refer to Section 4.2.2 – Colostrum Management for Artificially-Raised Kids).

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. check the doe’s teats for good flow and colostrum quality. Any blockages or dried milk should be removed. Teats and udder should be clean to lower the risk of kids ingesting bacteria
2. assist kids to the udder to initiate nursing if necessary. Stockpeople should observe 2 or 3 feedings in the first 2 hours after birth
3. supplement colostrum (e.g., bottle feeding or esophageal tube feeding) if no signs of nursing are observed or likely not imminent within 2 hours after birth
4. supplement when dam’s colostrum is low in quantity or poor in quality (e.g., clots, bloody, abnormal colour or consistency, signs of mastitis).

4.2.2  Colostrum Management for Artificially-Raised Kids

Cleanliness is critical when milking does and handling colostrum. Bacteria in colostrum restricts the uptake of immunoglobulins and can become a source of infection in young kids.

Quality of colostrum is critical to survival and the long-term health of newborn kids. Colostrum from the first milking of a doe immediately after kidding is richest in nutrients and immune properties and becomes diluted the longer it takes to remove the colostrum from the udder.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. colostrum from first milking should be fed within the first 24 hours
2. feed higher quality colostrum to kids under 24 hours old. Lower quality colostrum can be fed after 24 hours
3. heat treat colostrum for 1 hour at 56–60°C to reduce bacterial levels and increase availability of the immunoglobulins to be absorbed
4. increase amount of colostrum for kids in cold weather or when providing colostrum by tube feeding.

4.3  Raising Kids on Milk or Milk Replacer

Dairy kids are typically separated from their dams and are raised on milk or milk replacer. Orphans, rejected kids, and multiples are often separated from their dams and raised on milk replacer. Similar to managing colostrum, cleanliness and quality are key factors for good kid health. Spoiled milk will reduce consumption and contains an overgrowth of harmful bacteria that cause digestive upsets.

For more resources refer to Appendix S – Resources for Further Information.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. follow the manufacturers’ instructions for mixing, scheduling, and feeding milk replacer
2. feed kids at least 15% of body weight in milk (i.e., 10 kg goat receives 1500 ml per day; 33)
3. ensure that milk replacer meets the dietary needs of goats
4. free choice feeding of cold (20°C [68°F]) milk replacer is preferred to limit feeding warm milk replacer
5. feed kids with nipple devices (bottle or kid bar) to minimize digestive problems and bloating
6. increase volume of milk replacer in cold weather (allows extra calories for keeping warm).

4.4  Weaning

Weaning should be a gradual process that allows a kid’s developing rumen to start functioning as it transitions to an adult diet. Gradual weaning is preferable to allow full development of the digestive capacity, frame, and internal organs (53). Weaning shock will be lower for kids that have become adjusted to solid feed prior to weaning.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. provide a creep area to enable kids to access feed with less competition from adults
2. fine, higher-quality hay or forage should be accessible free choice
3. ensure that pastured kids start grazing pastures with low parasite contamination
4. consult your veterinarian regarding use of anticoccidials to help prevent intestinal damage and malnutrition caused by coccidiosis
5. stale or refused feed should be removed daily and before fresh feed is added
6. avoid weaning kids who are ill (70)
7. do not wean kids before they grow to 2.5 times their birth weight
8. gradual weaning, by limiting the nursing frequency or feedings of milk or milk replacer over several days, is recommended to reduce weaning shock and stress (70).

4.5  Grazing and Pasturing Areas

Goats are natural browsers and will consume up to 50% of their diet by nibbling shrubs and trees, if available. It can be challenging for late gestation does to derive adequate nutrition from low quality (over-mature) pasture.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. manage pastures and grazing areas to optimize forage quality and quantity
2. routinely monitor goats for evidence of gastrointestinal parasites
3. formulate mineral and supplements specifically for pastured goats based on season and production stage.

4.6  Feeding to Prevent Common Metabolic and Nutrition-Related Diseases

Effective control and prevention of nutritional and metabolic diseases requires understanding of the common causes of these diseases. Most can be prevented by proper diet formulation and feeding management with input from the herd veterinarian and nutritionist.

Metabolic diseases (e.g., pregnancy toxaemia) occur when body reserves of certain nutrients, such as calcium, magnesium, or energy cannot meet physiological needs. Nutritional diseases may be related to feeding management (e.g., enterotoxaemia and ruminal acidosis), deficiencies, toxicities, or imbalances (e.g., urinary calculi).

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

Enterotoxaemia

1. review feeding frequency, avoid sudden feed changes and overeating (e.g., accidental gorging on grain, high energy feed)
2. feed whole grains which encourage chewing and take longer to digest. Provide forages free choice with sufficient fibre length and digestibility that encourages chewing
3. implement a vaccination program for clostridial diseases to prevent and reduce enterotoxaemia

Ruminal Acidosis/Sub-acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA)

4. balance the ration to meet and not exceed energy/protein needs of does
5. feed smaller servings of grain more often to prevent gorging
6. provide access to a free choice, high-quality forage of sufficient fibre length to reduce the risk of digestive upset and overgrowth of bacteria that produce lactic acid

Urinary Calculi and Urolithiasis

7. balance calcium and phosphorus in diet to a ratio of 1:5–2:1 to minimize crystal formation
8. diet for young male kids should be formulated to increase acidity of urine to minimize crystal formation and supply adequate vitamin A for dietary needs
9. provide salt (at least 1%) to encourage water consumption. Salt blocks or salt-mineral mixes can also be offered and should be readily accessible at all times
10. safe, clean, and palatable water should be available for bucks at all times that is easily accessible and low competition

Pregnancy Toxaemia

11. monitor pregnant does for changes in body condition. Does with a BCS under 3 require a higher energy ration to prevent further loss of BCS
12. monitor does with a BCS over 4 for signs of pregnancy toxaemia. Over-conditioned pregnant does should still have adequate feed intake to support multiple fetuses in late gestation
13. high quality forages (higher digestibility, less mature) should be directed toward pregnant does in late gestation
14. monitor does with multiple fetuses on lower quality pastures and feed close-up does more energy-dense rations to provide higher nutrition.

4.7  Drinking Water

Water consumption will vary depending on production system, breed, stage of lactation, milk production, diet, feed intake, salt intake, weather, and temperature conditions. When water intake is reduced, feed intake also decreases, which can become a welfare issue. Safe, clean, and palatable water must always be provided.

Water volumes required for maintenance of dry does may be as low as 2–4 L (0.5–1 gal) per day, while lactating goats may drink or consume 4–12 L (1–3 gal) per day depending on milk production. For each additional litre of milk produced, the doe must consume almost double that amount of water.

Snow is often consumed by pastured goats, but considerable volumes are needed to extract enough water to maintain nutrition.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. provide water at a target temperature of 15°C (59°F) and not lower than 5°C (41°F; 53)
2. test well water and surface water used for drinking at least annually for indicators of water quality (53)
3. access to surface water in pastures should not cause erosion or reduce water quality.

5.  Husbandry Practices

Desired Outcome: To maintain content, productive, and healthy animals through good management practices.

5.1  Handling

Goats are subjected to different handling and management procedures within dairy, meat, and fibre production systems. Handling can be stressful to goats even when conducted for health and welfare reasons (e.g., medicating, hoof trimming).

Being aware of goat behaviours will facilitate handling and reduce stress and injury to both goats and stockpeople. Good handling facility designs should make use of goats’ natural behaviours. Goats have a natural flight zone (refer to Appendix G – Goat Flight Zone) from stockpeople. An effective distance to follow a herd when trying to encourage calm forward movement, is 3–4 m (10–13 ft; 32). Using positive reinforcement during handling (e.g., a food reward) and habituating goats to handling areas by using familiar equipment can reduce stress during handling procedures (32). Unfamiliar humans, movement, shouting, and the presence of dogs—particularly if barking—can cause fear. Reducing fear in goats when handling can increase handling efficiency, reduce injuries, and create a calmer herd.

Goats learn from, and may remember, good and bad experiences. Previously learned aversion related to a stressful handling procedure may diminish over time if not repeated. Because goats have a strong ability to recognize and remember individual humans, fostering positive human-goat interactions is important for animal welfare (41).

Handling goats in groups reduces stress to individuals. Goats should be handled in a calm manner and care should always be taken to avoid injury (31).

5.1.1  Catching and Restraining

The objective is to choose an appropriate catch and restraint technique that will cause minimum stress and discomfort. Animals should first be calmly herded into smaller spaces such as a pen or handling system. Stockpeople can catch individual animals with the use of a crook, by holding onto a collar, using hand restraint under the jaw and over the poll of the head, or briefly by the back leg. Horned adult goats, but not kids, can be caught, held, and guided by the base of the horn (71). Goats are never to be lifted, dragged, or pulled by the tail, legs, ears, horns, neck, or skin/hair. Suggested equipment for restraining in place includes a halter, stanchion/head gate, head stall, and/or handling chute suitable for goats (31). Goats should be restrained for the least amount of time possible.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. use well-designed and maintained handling systems and equipment (refer to Section 2.6 – Handling Systems)
2. familiarize goats with handling equipment and provide positive reinforcement to encourage preferred responses to future handling
3. use goats’ natural behaviours to encourage free movement to desired pens or other locations (refer to Appendix G – Goat Flight Zone)
4. supervise goats when crowded in races (alleyways), pens, or yards for handling purposes
5. minimize isolation of individual animals. Goats should be able to see, smell, and hear other goats whenever possible and be returned to their herds as soon as possible
6. plan procedures to avoid extreme weather conditions and to minimize the frequency, duration, and degree of restraint
7. avoid inverting or holding goats on their sides or backs for longer than necessary during procedures. Care should be taken if the rumen is full or the animal is heavily pregnant (32).

5.1.2  Handling During Shearing

Angora goats may be caught by the horns or by the hair under the chin, but never by the hair on the rest of their body. During shearing, Angoras can also be acceptably controlled by sitting them between the shearer’s legs.

5.1.3  Herding and Livestock Guardian Dogs

It is essential that dogs used for herding goats be well trained. If canine instincts are not properly managed, dogs may cause harm by chasing goats erratically, running through the herd, or becoming overly aggressive (e.g., nipping and biting).

5.2  Yokes, Horn Bars, and Tethering Devices

Use of yokes, horn bars, or tethers carry risks to the goat. They may be less able to eat and drink normally, may get entangled or trapped, injure themselves, or be more vulnerable to predation. These devices should only be used as a temporary measure until fences/penning can be properly repaired.

Yokes and Horn Bars

Goats are sometimes fitted with yokes around the neck or have a bar attached horizontally across their horns (horn bar) with the effect of making the goat’s head wider in order to prevent it from becoming entrapped in fences or penning. These devices are occasionally used on a temporary basis to control animal movement.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. consider removing a goat from the herd who is repeatedly rescued, becomes entrapped, or escapes through fencing in good repair
2. ensure that goats are provided with adequate space, feed, water, enrichment, and are housed in compatible social groups to reduce time spent testing fences
3. observe goats to determine areas that allow escape or entrapment, and repair as needed.

Tethering

Tethering usually involves a length of rope tied to the goat’s collar and then anchored to another object. Goats may sometimes be tethered to keep them within a building or pen or to graze areas where no fencing is present. Another form of tethering, which involves tying a leg to the collar to restrict movement, is not permitted.

The agility and mobility of goats makes them prone to becoming entangled. Tethering should only be done for the shortest time possible, and it is not an acceptable substitute for proper housing and fencing. Animals must always be supervised to be able to quickly correct issues of entanglement or entrapment and to prevent predator attacks.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. ensure that the minimum length of a tether is 4 goat lengths.

5.3  Social Environment

Goats are herd animals and must have both physical contact with other goats and enough space to permit natural behaviour (e.g., running, playing, mutual interaction). However, they will remove themselves from the herd to give birth.

Each time a group of goats changes members, animals try to re-establish social dominance (or pecking order; 72, 73). The housing system should allow for goats, regardless of social order, to be safe from fighting or bullying.

Goats can become stressed and depressed and refuse to eat if kept alone (74, 75, 76, 77). This can become an issue for goats recovering from illness, or in isolation before joining a new herd.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. house goats in compatible groups
2. add new goats to a pen before returning the main group to that pen
3. add multiple goats (rather than a single goat) to an existing group
4. provide extra space per goat when blending new groups
5. monitor goats after moving to assess if they have adapted to their new environment
6. ell breeding does or kids with at least one companion.

5.4  Predation Control

Predation of livestock by wild, feral, or domestic animals can have severe consequences on animal welfare by causing fear, stress, pain, injury, or death. Goats that are attacked are often killed or left with serious injuries, often requiring euthanasia. Those that are chased but not injured also experience considerable stress (e.g., pregnant does may abort). Extreme exertion from running can cause muscle damage.

There are many management practices that producers can employ to try to reduce the threat of predation. Methods of predator control may include supervision, fencing, housing indoors, use of livestock guardian animals, and lethal control. Livestock guardians include dogs, llamas, and donkeys. Guardian animals are to be treated with the same care and consideration as the goats.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. predation control strategies should be reviewed and improved as necessary following predation-related injuries or deaths.

5.5  Identification

Animal identification is essential to many aspects of a successful goat operation including animal health. Unique and permanent identification can include approved RFID tags on ears or tail webs, leg bands, and tattoos. Federal identification regulations must be followed.

While there is immediate short-term pain when a goat is tagged or tattooed, long term pain is unlikely provided the site is not damaged and does not become infected. For that reason, it is important to ensure that the applicators, tags, ears, tail web, and the stockperson’s hands are clean and dry before the procedure.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. all goats should have a permanent and unique form of identification within the herd
2. apply identification at times when fly activity is low
3. consult a veterinarian if severe infection or other problems develop.

5.6  Hoof Trimming

Proper attention to hooves is a key component of animal care. Hoof conditions affect animal health and welfare. Hooves should be checked regularly for excess growth and disease.

Hoof trimming is done:

• to promote proper hoof conformation and prevent lameness (refer to Section 6.2.1 – Lameness)
• to maintain a flat sole surface, thus preventing dirt and manure from being entrapped.

Hoof growth is influenced by animal characteristics (e.g., breed, structure, shape, and colour of hoof) and animal management factors (e.g., soil type, moisture, diet, and housing). As a result, the need for, and frequency of, hoof trimming will vary. Kids reared indoors benefit from routine trimming which should start no later than 6 months of age. Hooves are more easily trimmed when soft (e.g., following heavy dew or rain). When trimming, goats may either be restrained in a standing position, seated between the legs of person restraining the goat, or in a trimming chute.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. plan hoof trimming to minimize the need to trim during periods of stress (e.g., late gestation, hot weather)
2. avoid trimming Angora hooves within a week prior to shearing to reduce the subsequent chance of injury to the goat and shearer.

5.7  Castration

Producers should consider whether castration of male kids is necessary.

Male kids can be sexually mature as young as 3 months of age. Castration is not likely required where kids are marketed at a young age or can be kept separated from females (does and doelings) after reaching puberty. If these conditions cannot be met, then castration is advisable to prevent unwanted pregnancies.

All methods of castration, at any age, cause pain. Pain relief reduces the impact of castration on welfare and must be used.

Drugs effective for pain relief in food animals are extra label drug use (ELDU) in goats and must be prescribed by a veterinarian (refer to Section 6 – Health Management). Desensitization of the scrotum and its contents can be achieved by the use of an injectable local anesthetic. Post-operative pain control (analgesia) can be achieved when a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is administered at the time of the procedure.

There are 3 main methods of castration: rubber ring (i.e., banding), clamp (e.g., Burdizzo), and surgical. Surgical castration is always effective but there are additional risks of bleeding, infection, and possible evisceration (33). While clamp castration has the advantage of not creating an open wound, there is a higher risk of failed castration and ensuing tissue problems due to improper technique. Rubber ring castration is simple to use and very effective, but proper technique is still important. All are acceptable methods with pain mitigation. The least painful method is to combine a rubber ring with a clamp while using pain control (79).

There are fewer adverse outcomes to castrating bucklings at a young age (33). As bucklings age, the size of the scrotum and associated structures increase, which when castrated can give rise to increased inflammation and pain until healing occurs. After 12 weeks of age, the only option is surgical castration performed by a veterinarian. To avoid disruption of colostrum intake, it is recommended that bucklings not be castrated during the first 24 hours after birth (80). However, castration should be carried out as soon as possible afterwards.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. bucklings should be left intact in management systems where they are marketed prior to puberty or reared separately from females
2. discuss tetanus vaccination with the herd veterinarian when castration will leave an open wound
3. bucks intended to be retained as adult wethers may benefit from delaying castration beyond 8 weeks of age to allow development of the urethra and to reduce the risk of urinary calculi (81). Urinary calculi should be primarily managed with a balanced diet (refer to Section 4.6 – Feeding to Prevent Common Metabolic and Nutrition-Related Diseases)
4. consult your veterinarian on the use of sedation to reduce handling stress.

5.8  Disbudding

Disbudding is a procedure that removes the horn bud before it attaches to the skull (7, 8). Horn attachment may begin at different times based on the breed and sex of the goat but generally begins at 21 days of age.

In Canada, the majority of dairy goats retained for milking purposes are disbudded as kids to avoid entrapment in housing and milking facilities (41). Dairy and meat kids destined for meat production are often not disbudded.

Kids have thin skulls and are susceptible to injury from improper disbudding procedures (84). High temperatures, holding the iron to the head too long—or with too much pressure—can lead to damage to the skull and brain, possibly leading to death (7, 8, 33, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85).

Kids should be returned to their normal surroundings as soon as possible after the procedure.

Further research is required to develop a reliable method for sedation and local anesthesia during disbudding. As a result, requiring local anesthetic at this time is not possible. Producers and veterinarians who have had good success using local anesthetic should continue to do so. It is strongly encouraged that veterinarians and producers follow the evolving research on pain control during disbudding and adopt effective strategies as they become available, understanding that these may become Requirements in the future.

Some goats are born polled (i.e., naturally hornless) but this is a very rare occurrence. The polled condition in goats has been linked to an intersex condition where female goats have both male and female characteristics and are infertile (33, 86). Polled females should not be bred to polled males. However, striving to develop polled fertile goats is a project that should be pursued.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. when disbudding, an NSAID should be used in combination with either a sedative or local or general anesthetic, in consultation with your veterinarian, to provide the most pain control
2. remove the cauterized horn bud to improve effectiveness of disbudding and prevent scurs
3. discuss tetanus vaccination with the herd veterinarian when disbudding.

5.9  Dehorning

Dehorning is the process of removing horn tissue after the horn bud attaches to the skull (7, 8). Horn attachment may begin at different times based on the breed and sex of the goat but generally begins at 21 days.

For some horned goats, it may be necessary to trim the tips of the horns (i.e., tipping) to prevent injury from ingrown scurs, interference with sight, or normal eating and drinking (33). The amount of horn trimmed should be kept to a minimum (32). To avoid damage to soft internal horn tissue, which is sensitive and bleeds easily, stockpeople should trim in no more than 2.5 cm (1.0 inch) increments. A veterinarian should be consulted regarding the choice of an appropriate tool.

In certain circumstances it may be necessary to trim a substantial portion of the horn, or completely dehorn a goat. A licensed veterinarian must perform such procedures.

Dehorning is a highly invasive procedure and must be avoided unless necessary for the welfare of the goat. Alternatives to dehorning, such as regrouping aggressive animals or modifying housing or fencing to reduce entrapment must be considered before dehorning (33).

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. dehorning should be conducted outside of the fly season when possible
2. discuss tetanus vaccination with the herd veterinarian when dehorning.

5.10  Other Management Practices

Occasionally some goats are born with wattles on their neck or cheek. These appendages do not affect their health or welfare and should not be removed.

Multiple teats, depending on their position, can be a hindrance when machine milking or for nursing kids. Goats with webbed or dysfunctional teats should be culled as this trait can be passed on to offspring.

5.10.1  Breeding

Producers should plan mating periods to coincide with expected weather conditions, available shelter, and available labour at time of kidding.

Bucks

Bucks should be managed so that they have suitable body condition scores prior to the normal breeding season and before they are used for breeding (refer to Section 4 – Feed and Water).

To avoid unplanned matings, bucks are often kept separate from does. Isolation, however, is stressful for goats (74, 75, 76, 77). If housed with does, and mating is not desired, buck aprons can be used to prevent mating. Whenever possible, bucks should be kept in the company of compatible males. Aggressive large bucks should not be housed with smaller timid bucks, which could result in injuries and stress.

When semen collection is needed, whenever possible, a less invasive procedure (e.g., an artificial vagina) should be used in preference to electroejaculation (87).

Due to the natural behaviour of establishing dominance, placing more than 1 buck at a time with does can result in serious injury caused by fighting. Their behaviours need to be closely monitored and action may be required to avoid injuries.

Does

Does and doe kids should be managed and fed so that they have suitable body condition scores at the times of breeding and kidding (refer to Section 4 – Feed and Water). Doelings may be fertile as early as 4 months of age and need to be kept separate from fertile males (including bucklings) until old and large enough to breed.

Where natural mating is conducted, attention must be given to the health status of the animals to prevent transmission of infectious diseases. The body weight and size of the bucks used in natural breeding must be appropriate to the size and physical development of the does or doelings in order to prevent injury or undue stress to mounted females.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. keep accurate breeding records
2. ensure that marking harnesses for bucks are properly fitted and checked daily. They should not be left on for longer than necessary
3. limit fighting by not introducing unfamiliar bucks to one another during the breeding season.

Pregnancy and Kidding

Newborn kid survival is highly dependent on adequate nutrition throughout gestation to assure proper placental and fetal growth. To determine specific needs, refer to Section 4 – Feed and Water and consult a qualified ruminant nutritionist or veterinarian.

Angora goats should be shorn or crutched prior to kidding to expose the teats to the newborn and facilitate colostrum intake of the newborn (refer to Appendix I – Hair Problems around Genitals).

Does kidding on pasture should be minimally disturbed. They should, however, be observed frequently enough to ensure that any problems are given prompt attention. Water and feed should be available where kidding is occurring. A natural or constructed sheltered area must be available.

Does require a clean and dry area in which to give birth. Where kidding and claiming pens are used, every effort should be made to prevent the spread of infection by providing clean, dry bedding that is regularly replaced (88). Refer to Section 2 – Housing and Handling Facilities.

Does should be allowed to kid without intervention, if possible. Stockpeople should become familiar with normal kidding behavior such that problems can be recognized early. When assistance is provided, it must be by a competent attendant using good standards of hygiene and accepted veterinary techniques.

The welfare of both does and kids can be compromised through difficulty at birth, known as dystocia, and assistance may be required. Following a difficult birth, kids may be delayed in performing natural behaviours like raising their heads, standing, and suckling. After a long labour, does may have a delay in standing and cleaning the newborn (32).

Knowing when and how to provide or call for assistance during kidding is an important management skill. Signs that a doe may require assistance include:

• doe has been straining for more than 30 minutes with no progress
• the water bag is visible and no progress has been made after 30 minutes
• a limb or tail appears alone and no progress is being made after several minutes of straining
• the kid appears to be stuck. There has been no progress for several minutes since the limbs have appeared
• the head is visible with no limbs present
• the doe is weak and exhausted (32).

Aborting does, does at risk of aborting, and kidding does may be infected with diseases potentially hazardous to people (i.e., zoonotic diseases in pregnant women, people who are immunocompromised, or who have heart problems). It is recommended that those at risk should be in consultation with their herd veterinarian and physician and inform themselves of those risks.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. ensure that the doe is capable of producing high quality colostrum through management of nutrition and udder health during the final 6 weeks of gestation
2. ensure that all stockpeople can palpate and identify udder problems, such as mastitis
3. on dam-raised operations, identify and cull does with poor mothering instincts or milk supply
4. should more than 10% of does require assistance delivering kids, a veterinarian should be consulted for possible causes and an action plan implemented to reduce the number of future incidences (32).

Neonatal Care

Diseases in kids from birth to weaning can be minimized through proper nutrition of the doe, and by providing a clean, sheltered environment that includes good air quality, and knowledge of normal goat behaviour.

Colostrum intake is essential for the health and well-being of all kids (refer to Section 4.2 – Newborn Kids and Colostrum).

When kids are dam raised, maternal bonding is very important to kid welfare and survival. Mismothering generally results in death of the newborn through starvation. A good understanding of normal goat behaviours and frequent observation of does, udders, and kids are important to assess any problems. The use of kidding and claiming pens can promote dam-kid bonding.

There are a number of reasons why a kid may be removed at birth and reared artificially. These include disease control programs, the dam is unable (e.g., mastitis) or unwilling to raise the kid, the kid is weak or ill, or the dam is milked for human consumption.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. have a warming box available. When unsure, seek advice from a competent stockperson
2. treat navels with a suitable disinfectant at birth to reduce risk of joint and navel ill
3. use kidding and claiming pens on dam raised operations in indoor systems to allow the maternal bond to be firmly established between doe and kids before they are returned to the herd.

5.10.2  Milking Procedures

Cleanliness of bedding and yards will assist with cleanliness of udder and teats and mastitis control. The benefits of always providing adequate dry bedding for milking does should not be underestimated in reducing the incidence of udder infections.

Establish regular routines for milking times to avoid stressing the goats (31).

Access routes to the milking parlour should be safe and well illuminated. The floors should have good traction and be kept clean.

The pre-milking holding area on farms with milking parlours is the area of highest animal density and opportunity for injury. Pen and parlour gates must operate freely and quietly. Hinges should be lubricated and latches padded to reduce noise. Latch protrusions should be reduced to maintain the safety of the goats.

Fans, sprinklers, or other technology should be used to moderate temperature extremes.

When concerned about mastitis, check the udder by feeling for heat or hardness and using a strip cup to assess foremilk prior to each milking. The milk should not be milked into the hand as this spreads organisms from teat to teat and goat to goat.

To avoid infection of the mammary glands, the teats should be clean prior to milking and treated with a teat dip solution as soon as milking is finished (89). Refer to Dairy Goat Udder Health Guide for further details on milking best practices and mastitis management (61).

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. develop good milking practices including:

• maintaining high standards of hygiene
• following a regular routine
• keeping records of udder health problems and treatment, abnormal milk, and milk production and quality
• following a mastitis control strategy in your herd health and welfare plan
• ensuring annual inspections of milking equipment by a qualified person.

2. milk does with high somatic cell counts and/or mastitis last
3. milk once per day for several days before dry off (i.e., to help reduce milk production, thus decreasing the doe’s discomfort)
4. milking parlours should only be used for milking. Avoid painful experiences from being associated with the place of milking.

5.10.3  Fibre Management

Fibre goats are raised for mohair or cashmere. Mohair, the product of a single breed—the Angora—must be sheared. Cashmere is the winter down on all other goat breeds. Cashmere is usually combed off the goat in the spring with the natural shedding cycle of the winter coat.

Mohair grows quickly and care must be taken to keep the face and genitals clipped to prevent blindness, irritation, soiling, and urine scalding.

Shearing

When shearing goats, consideration should be given to the time of year, weather conditions, and the available shelter. Avoid sub-zero days for chills and the middle of the summer for sunburn.

A competent shearer should shear the goats in order to reduce the time a goat is restrained.

Steps must be taken to minimize shearing injuries. Shearers should be reminded that the goat’s skin is looser and thinner than that of a sheep, and extra care should be taken. Special goat combs with 17 or 20 teeth should be used to prevent cuts.

Stockpeople and shearers should be aware of the dangers of spreading certain diseases, such as caseous lymphadenitis and lice, through the use of contaminated shearing equipment. Shearing equipment should be treated with a disinfectant between herds and between infected or suspect animals within the herd. A hired shearer should also arrive in clean clothes and footwear to prevent the introduction of external parasites and disease into the herd (32).

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. crutch full fleece does if they cannot be shorn prior to kidding to expose udder, teats, and perineum
2. feed should be withheld a maximum of 12 hours and a minimum of 6 hours before shearing to reduce the animal’s discomfort from a full rumen during shearing. Water should remain available at all times
3. shear infected or suspect animals last
4. cashmere goats should only be combed when they have started to naturally shed in the spring.

6.  Health Management

Desired Outcome: Improve animal well-being through proactive disease prevention and monitoring herd health, while providing prompt, appropriate treatments.

Pain and suffering caused by injury and illness adversely affects a goat’s well-being. Good care and good animal health are key components of good welfare.

Many factors affect an animal’s ability to remain healthy. These include:

• diets that meet nutritional requirements
• good feeding management, preventing contamination and spoilage
• preventing nutritional and metabolic diseases
• good air quality
• adequate shelter
• strong immunity including transfer of passive immunity in newborn kids
• low-stress environment
• low risk of exposure to pathogens
• husbandry and management practices that promote health (i.e., hoof care)
• genetic susceptibility to disease.

Disease prevention and control includes proactive measures that are used to reduce the number and scope of animals affected by disease.

A herd health plan is a key management tool to apply those measures and includes monitoring the health and productivity of the herd, as well as a plan to investigate when disease issues arise. The following topics are all important elements of a herd health plan.

6.1  Preventing Injuries and Disease with Good Management Practices

Prevention and control are preferred over treatment when working toward optimal animal health and welfare.

Complete, accurate, and reliable record keeping and analysis is a key tool in maintaining and improving the health of the herd. It is important to track animal health and performance and to flag areas where disease may be emerging, or performance is sub-optimal. This is best accomplished when all animals have permanent, individually unique identification (refer to Section 5.5 – Identification). Records are also critical to assuring that animals are properly treated, drugs are given appropriately, and that meat and milk withdrawal times are followed.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. develop, follow, communicate, and provide training on protocols for disease prevention and control. These should include:

• biosecurity practices
• isolating sick animals, new introductions, and animals returning to the herd
• vaccination programs
• other control programs for common and serious diseases (see Table 6.2)

2. purchase goats from herds with equal or greater health status than your herd
3. participate in continuing education activities related to goat health and welfare
4. participate in goat health and welfare programs (e.g., CAE eradication programs)
5. develop a written herd health plan (preferably in partnership with the herd veterinarian)
6. use and share the herd health plan with all stockpeople involved in animal care.

6.1.1  Recognizing Injury and Disease in Animals

Those responsible for the daily care of goats need to be able to recognize signs of illness and injury and be familiar with normal behaviour. Goats are prey animals that will often conceal signs of weakness or illness, making detection of disease more challenging.

The frequency of observation depends on stage of production of the goat but must be timely enough to protect the health and welfare of the herd. Recognizing early signs of a disease and injury will improve treatment effectiveness, reduce disease spread, and enable early culling decisions.

Animals should be observed in their pens, pastures, or milking parlours regularly to identify those which are injured, ill, have changes in appetite or feeding behaviour, have lost body condition, are lame or poorly mobile, or have signs of heat or cold stress.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. observe goats multiple times a day when they are at higher risk of illness or injury, e.g., animals which are:

• in late pregnancy or due to kid
• very young (i.e., < 2 months of age)
• being treated or are in recovery
• herd mates of diseased animals (are at higher risk of developing disease)
• where changes in health or behaviour have been noted for further observation.

6.1.2  Managing Sick, Injured, or Cull Animals

Sick or injured goats may benefit from being separated from herd-mates to eliminate competition for feed and space, to allow for better observation and treatment, and to help prevent the spread of disease. Ideally, isolated goats must be able to see and/or hear other goats (74, 75, 76, 77).

Stockpeople should work with the herd veterinarian to become familiar with common health problems and recommended treatment protocols. Prompt decision-making and action are vital to ensure the welfare of sick and injured goats.

Goats marked for culling due to disease or injury and that are reasonably healthy should be removed from the herd in a timely manner before their condition deteriorates. Early identification of health issues is key to prevent subsequent suffering.

If treatment is not effective, or will not be provided, an alternative decision must be made immediately. Appropriate action will depend on the goat’s condition and applicable laws. Action may include euthanizing the animal, shipping to slaughter, or slaughtering on farm (refer to Appendix J – Euthanasia Decision Tree).

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. develop standard operating procedures and treatments with the herd veterinarian to ensure that individual treatments are performed appropriately (correct dosage and duration) to optimize response to treatment
2. manage sick or injured goats so that, with minimal stress, they can be cared for and treated, and the risk of disease transmission is reduced
3. goats should be isolated when it is necessary to:

• reduce the risk of disease transmission
• enable treatment
• reduce possible harm to the affected animal

4. diagnostic investigations such as postmortems and laboratory tests (e.g., fecal egg counts, milk cultures, blood tests) should be used routinely to support treatment and control decisions
5. review records to allow for analysis and identification of disease trends and use these trends to inform herd health programs
6. consider culling animals that are sources of infection to other goats and cannot be cured or properly isolated (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, CAE, Johne’s disease)
7. consult the herd veterinarian before administering any alternative medicines/therapies.

6.1.3  Herd Health Management and Veterinary Care

Veterinarians are an important resource for helping producers establish and implement effective herd health and welfare plans. The herd veterinarian/veterinary practice can provide care of sick or injured animals as well as advice on control, prevention, and treatment of common diseases and conditions of goats, as well as monitoring disease and health trends. Veterinary services are most effective when applied proactively.

Veterinary-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR)

A valid VCPR ensures that the veterinarian is familiar with the herd and its management practices. A VCPR is established and maintained through timely visits to the farm which can include scheduled herd health visits and emergency calls. Telephone, texted photos and videos, email, or video calls (“telemedicine”) also work well, especially over longer distances.

While the definition of a VCPR varies by province, all contain the same components (90):

• the veterinarian has assumed the responsibility for making clinical assessments and recommendations regarding the health of the animal(s) and the need for medical treatment
• the veterinarian has sufficient knowledge of the animal(s) on which to base the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of the medical condition of the animal(s). This means that the veterinarian has recently seen and is personally acquainted with the keeping and care of the animal(s) by virtue of an examination of the animal(s) or by medically appropriate and timely visits to the premises where the animal(s) are kept
• the client has agreed to follow the veterinarian’s recommendations and prescription
• the veterinarian is available or has arranged for follow-up evaluation, especially in the event of adverse reactions or failure of the treatment regimen.

Drug and Vaccine Use in Goats

Most livestock drugs and vaccines can only be prescribed and dispensed by a licensed veterinarian. A veterinarian is only allowed to prescribe and dispense drugs and vaccines to a client with which they have a valid VCPR.

When treating, correct dosage, administration, and length of treatment all contribute to more effective treatment and better outcomes. As almost all drug use in goats is considered extra label drug use (ELDU), these can only be accurately provided by a licensed veterinarian within a VCPR.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. work with the herd veterinarian to develop herd protocols for disease control and prevention
2. update protocols at least annually and after significant health events or changes to housing or management. Protocols should be communicated to all stockpeople
3. keep all veterinary prescriptions and medical records in a manner that they can be readily accessed by all stockpeople and protected from damage
4. in addition to herd visits, consider using alternative methods of communication (texting or emailing descriptive pictures and videos, video calls) when seeking advice from the herd veterinarian; also known as telemedicine.

6.1.4  Managing Deadstock

Deadstock attracts scavengers such as rodents, carrion birds, and predators, which may carry diseases. Additionally, deadstock can serve as a source of disease and contaminate water and feed. Scavenging predators, attracted to where livestock are housed or pastured, may also injure or kill animals. Where deadstock pick-up is not available, composting, burial, and incineration are all management options to consider.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. manage deadstock to prevent scavenging by dogs or wildlife
2. manage deadstock to prevent contamination of livestock rearing areas, feed, or water sources
3. keep records of losses including deaths, culling, and euthanasia to identify trends.

6.2  Herd Management Programs

6.2.1  Lameness

Lameness in goats is a serious condition affecting welfare and must not be ignored. Lame animals are in pain and have difficulty moving to find food and water. As a result, they quickly lose body condition and may be more susceptible to disease (e.g., pregnancy toxaemia; 91, 92). Lame animals also have reduced growth, milk production, and colostrum quality and quantity (93, 94).

In order to treat effectively, it is critical to determine the cause of lameness in goats which most commonly include those listed in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1 – Common Causes of Lameness in Goats

Adapted from Goat Code of Practice Scientific Committee (2020) Code of practice for the care and handling of goats: Review of scientific committee. Lacombe, AB: National Farm Animal Care Council.

Moderate lameness is defined as (95):

• moderate limp
• affected limb(s) identifiable.

Severe lameness is defined as:

• severe limp
• unable to bear weight on all 4 legs
• may walk on knees or walk with limbs stretched and not bending joints (i.e., goose-stepping). For more information on lameness scoring (normal and abnormal locomotion scores) refer to Appendix K – Lameness Scoring.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. develop and implement a farm-specific protocol for hoof care and treatment of common diseases that cause lameness
2. keep records of date of hoof trimming for each animal and include any abnormal findings
3. examine animals with previous foot diseases or lameness more frequently
4. lameness levels in the group or herd should be scored in order to monitor the level and severity of lameness
5. consult with the herd veterinarian to investigate cause(s) and recommend/perform treatments or preventive measures when the level of moderate to severe lameness in a group of animals (e.g., milking does) is high (i.e., ≥ 5% of animals in that group are lame).

6.2.2  Disease Prevention and Control

Keeping goats healthy and thriving is an important cornerstone of animal welfare. To do so requires the use of proactive measures to prevent diseases from occurring or to control diseases that may be present in the herd.

To understand if a disease in a herd is of concern, there is a need to determine how much disease is occurring and when that level becomes harmful to the welfare of the herd.

Acute diseases (those that have a sudden onset and short duration, e.g., kid diarrhea) are measured in terms of new cases over a period of weeks or a month. Farms tracking the occurrence of acute diseases will often have a threshold which, if surpassed, will trigger a reconsideration of current disease prevention and control strategies.

Chronic diseases are those diseases where there is a long period between time of infection and when signs of disease occur in the animal (e.g., CAE, Johne’s disease). Producers may not notice slight increases in the level of disease until a large part of the herd is infected. Using CAE arthritis as an example, if the level of lameness due to CAE increases slightly year-over-year, the proportion of animals infected with the virus may have gone up much more than that, particularly in youngstock, putting them at high risk of developing incurable arthritis in 3–5 years. 

Control of chronic disease is most effective when done to prevent initial infection as most of these diseases cannot be cured, which means that it may take several years to see a positive effect from those measures. For this reason, it is important to closely monitor the level of chronic disease in the herd. 

What constitutes an appropriate level varies with the disease (see Table 6.2), but ultimately the goal is to prevent goats from suffering from diseases that cause pain, poor welfare, and premature culling or euthanasia. A disease prevention and control strategy can be created in collaboration with your herd veterinarian.

There are 2 main approaches to controlling infectious diseases:

1. the first is eradicating the disease from a farm through programs that use enhanced biosecurity and disease testing
2. the second is prevention and control (i.e., managing the disease to minimize impacts on health and welfare through measures such as proactive monitoring of levels of disease, biosecurity, vaccination, prophylactic treatments [e.g., deworming], and culling infected animals that cannot be cured).

Table 6.2 and Appendix L – Important and Serious Infectious Diseases of Goats: Signs and Causes include some of the more common diseases that negatively impact goat welfare in Canada and signs associated with those diseases. These diseases may affect a particular management group (e.g., kid group) or the herd. To control or prevent these diseases, a herd health plan should be developed with guidance from the herd veterinarian as well as other experts to minimize disease.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. given the harmful effects of chronic diseases (e.g., CAE, Johne's disease) on goat health, welfare, and production, a prevention and control program should be implemented to reduce the spread of disease within a herd. When considered feasible, eradication of a disease should be considered
2. develop recommended measures to control and prevent diseases in consultation with the herd veterinarian, and include disease testing, culling, prophylactic treatments, vaccination, and improved biosecurity, as well as other measures depending on the disease
3. review disease prevention and control programs annually and make changes in collaboration with the herd veterinarian
4. perform or have postmortems performed when there are unexpected, unexplained, or sudden increases in death losses
5. monitor the herd regularly for infectious disease using appropriate diagnostic tests.

Table 6.2 – Important and Serious Infectious Diseases of Goats

Refer to Appendix L – Important and Serious Infectious Diseases of Goats: Signs and Causes for a further detailed table including possible causes.

7.  Transport

Desired Outcome: To ensure, through proper preparation, that goats being transported experience the least possible stress without pain and unnecessary suffering and arrive at their destination in good health and condition.

Transport is a stressful experience for goats (96). Even when done with care, mixing of groups, time off feed and water, unfamiliar environments, and weather can all negatively impact goats. It is important to make transport as stress-free as possible.

Each person involved in various stages of goat transport in Canada has a role in ensuring that the transport process (including loading, transport, and unloading) does not cause injury, suffering, or death of the animals (106, 107). This includes anyone who handles, loads, and unloads goats (e.g., buyers and sellers of goats, stockpeople, drivers), and anyone else involved in shipping goats.

The federal requirements for animal transport are covered under the Health of Animals Regulations (HAR) – Part XII (3, 97). The maximum intervals for feed, water, and rest withdrawal are captured within Part XII as well as in Appendix M – Transport Decision Tree. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) enforces them with the assistance of other federal, provincial, and territorial authorities. Some provinces also have additional regulations related to animal transport. If you do not comply with the regulations, you may be fined or prosecuted. If your actions or neglect are considered animal abuse, you could also be charged and convicted under the Criminal Code of Canada and/or provincial regulations. This Code is not a comprehensive resource for the applicable provincial and federal regulations; they must be reviewed in their entirety.

The transport process begins with the decision to ship an animal. The producer is responsible for ensuring animals are fit for transport, selecting the mode of transport if transporting the animals themselves, or otherwise selecting a transporter, and removing feed and water prior to transport while ensuring they follow Canada’s animal transport requirements.

The scope of the goat Code of Practice ends at the farm gate but includes Requirements and considerations that affect the transport process. To avoid duplication, the current Recommended Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Farm Animals: Transportation should be used as a reference document for the actual transport process (98).

7.1  Pre-Transport Decision Making

It is the responsibility of the party that is shipping, or causing to load, the animals to ensure that all animals are fit for the intended journey (3, 97). Those responsible for arranging transport need to be aware of how long the animals may be in transit. If unknown, assume the longest travel period that may occur (e.g., animals sent for slaughter may be in the marketing chain for multiple days prior to reaching an abattoir). If you are unsure whether an animal is fit for the intended journey, check with your veterinarian or consider mobile abattoir or on-farm slaughter options.

The transport process, or continuum, involves all aspects of transport-related activities that animals experience and begins when feed and water are withdrawn (or last provided, for example with kids on milk when they received their last milk meal), and when access to rest is no longer available (3). It includes mustering (assembly) for loading, loading, and confinement during the pre-transport, transport, and post-unloading periods. It also includes the time leading up to when the animal is provided with access to feed, water, and rest after it has been unloaded. Those arranging shipping will also need to know whether additional services (e.g., feed, water, rest, milking) during transit are needed.

Proactive euthanasia or treatment decisions must be made on-farm so animals are not loaded if they are not fit for transport. Having predetermined criteria for culling animals from the herd (refer to Section 6.1.2 – Managing Sick, Injured, or Cull Animals) is key to marketing goats while they are still fit to ship. Goats that are not fit to ship must be treated or euthanized (refer to Section 8 – Euthanasia and On-Farm Slaughter and Appendix J – Example of Decision Tree for Euthanasia).

Assembly centres (e.g., auction markets, collection stations) are not considered final destinations (3, 97). Animals shipped off farm may travel through multiple stops, possibly for days, before reaching a slaughter plant or final destination. Producers need to consider, as part of the fitness assessmentfor transport, where the final destination may be and when goats will arrive there.

Fitness for Transport

Animals that are to be shipped must be deemed fit for the intended transport (3, 98, 99). Fit animals are those in good health that are expected to reach their destination in the same condition. Animals not considered to be fit are either “compromised” or “unfit.” These terms are not interchangeable:

1. A fit animal is one that is deemed to be able to withstand the stress of the intended journey and can be transported without suffering.
2. A compromised animal, generally, is one with a condition that impairs its ability to tolerate transport. However, with special provisions, it can be transported short distances to the nearest place (not an assembly centre), where it can receive care or be humanely killed without causing unnecessary suffering (refer to Appendix M – Transport Decision Tree).
3. An unfit animal is an animal that is likely to suffer during transport (or continued transport if they become unfit after transport begins). Unfit animals cannot be loaded or transported unless going directly on the advice of a veterinarian for veterinary care to be provided (such as an animal requiring setting and casting of a fractured limb, animal requiring a caesarian section), and with special provisions. This includes non-ambulatory animals or animals likely to become non-ambulatory. “Non-ambulatory” means unable or unwilling to rise, stand, or walk unassisted or unable to move without being dragged or carried (refer to Appendix M – Transport Decision Tree).

For animals that cannot be transported in their current state, transport must be delayed, and either appropriate health intervention provided until the animal is fit for the trip, or the animal is euthanized (refer to Section 8 – Euthanasia and On-farm Slaughter).

Each person involved in shipping an animal must assess and be sure each animal is fit to withstand the intended journey. Shipping compromised animals should not be routine. Aim to always ship fit, healthy animals, and work with your veterinarian to refine culling criteria to allow for early identification of cull animals. If there is any doubt about an animal’s fitness for transport, consult a veterinarian.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. have in place criteria for culling that facilitates marketing of cull animals from the herd while they are fit
2. clearly identify and provide documentation for animals showing signs of an infirmity/current health condition at time of loading if transporting for care (e.g., a veterinary note explaining the condition and treatment given, video on smartphone)
3. ship animals direct to slaughter with conditions that could be considered contagious (e.g., positive for Johne’s disease or CAE), if otherwise compliant with federal and provincial regulations.

7.2  Pre-Transport Preparation

Advance planning is a key factor affecting the welfare of animals during transport. Those responsible for arranging transport need to know how long the goats are expected to be in transit, including intermediate stops (e.g., auction markets, feed/water/rest stops), the type of livestock conveyance being used (e.g., cattle liner, pots, stock trailer), and whether the transporter needs to provide additional services (e.g., feed appropriate for the age/stage of production, water, rest) during transit (3, 97, 98, 99, 100). Risk factors need to be assessed prior to transport and include, but are not limited to:

• animal compatibility
• vulnerable animals
  • such as those lactating (require being milked at intervals to prevent udder engorgement), those that are heavily pregnant, compromised, young ruminants too young to be fed exclusively on hay and grain, and very young animals (e.g., less than 15 days of age)
• hot and humid weather
• cold weather
• wind-chill
• traffic congestion.

 RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. clean and disinfect conveyances after each use using national biosecurity standards and biosecurity principles
2. a system for early identification of compromised or unfit animals prior to loading, and an appropriate plan for handling them, should be in place and known to all stockpeople
3. avoid shipping does in their last trimester (e.g., last 50 days)
4. schedule loading to avoid congested traffic conditions and/or long-distance transport in extreme weather conditions (e.g., evening or early morning in hot/humid weather, delaying in extremely cold conditions) and so that animals can be unloaded promptly at destination
5. avoid transporting kids before15 days of age. Kids that are not weaned (i.e., nursing) should be shipped with special precautions as they may not be able to withstand the same conditions as adult goats. It is recommended they be sent directly to buyers rather than shipped through assembly yards or auctions.

7.3  Arranging Transport

It is essential that those involved in arranging transport for or loading/unloading (or causing to load/unload) goats (e.g., producers, transporter, farm hands, processing facility staff) have experience transporting goats and are knowledgeable of goat behaviour and care, and that animals to be transported are fit to withstand the entire journey (3, 97). Those producers/employers who have staff are responsible to ensure that the people they hire for transporting animals are trained and competent.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. select reputable transporters:

• when using a new transporter, ask for a list of references who have used them to transport goats
• ensure that the transporter has appropriate experience to address specific needs (e.g., short vs. long distance hauls)
• inquire about training for their drivers in the care, handling, and transport of animals

2. review training with staff annually, or more frequently (as needed), in handling, loading, and unloading goats
3. ensure loading facilities are compatible with the type of trailer being used by the transporter
4. parked conveyances should be parked where there will be relief from the heat (e.g., shaded area) or additional cooling methods utilized
5. add weather boards (adjustable) on the outside of a vehicle to allow for repositioning without having to enter the vehicle to protect during extreme temperatures until conditions improve.

7.4  Loading and Receiving On-Farm

Properly designed handling systems and loading ramps help to improve the ease of loading and reduce stress and the chance of injury during loading or unloading (96). People involved with loading and unloading should have sound knowledge of goat behaviour and understand how those natural behaviours can be used to assist the low-stress loading/unloading process.

The transporter will have knowledge of allowable weight and loading/stocking densities on each part of the trailer and can adjust densities to current weather conditions and weight restrictions (69). Transporters are also aware of variations between provincial/state requirements.

General principles of good goat handling apply to the loading and unloading of goats (refer to Section 5.1 – Handling). Their use will reduce stress and injury for both stockpeople and goats. Persons handling or transporting goats must comply with Part XII of the Health of Animals Regulations and applicable provincial regulations.

Goats have important behavioral characteristics which must be taken into consideration when they are being moved (69). In particular, they are gregarious animals and should be in the company of compatible animals while in transit (isolation is a stressful event). Refer to Section 6.1.2 – Managing Sick, Injured or Cull Animals for more information.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. ensure loading areas and transport containers/trailers are well lit (without a drastic change in lighting) to help encourage goats to enter
2. ensure loading area has non-slip flooring (secure footing), is uniform in appearance to prevent balking, and is well drained and free from ice
3. move goats in groups appropriately sized for the compartments on the conveyance
4. when the conveyance is not full, goats should be safely partitioned into smaller areas to prevent excessive movement of the goats and to provide stability to the conveyance
5. ensure that the loading area promotes smooth flow of goats on or off the conveyance. Avoid significant changes in floor height or distractions
6. make improvements to handling methods, management, and/or facilities if goats are observed falling during loading or unloading
7. goats waiting for loading or waiting for further actions after unloading should have access to well drained areas and protection from adverse conditions
8. check each load immediately before departure to ensure that the goats have been properly loaded and are assessed as ready for the intended transport.

Table 7.1 – Signs of Animal Discomfort during Transport

Source: Canadian Agri-Food Research Council (CARC) (2001) Recommended Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Farm Animals – Transportation. Available at: www.nfacc.ca/codes-of-practice/transport.

8.  Euthanasia and On-Farm Slaughter

Desired Outcome: When necessary, goats are euthanized or slaughtered promptly and with minimal pain and distress.

Euthanasia is necessary when care to alleviate pain and suffering is provided but the animal is not responding, treatment is not feasible, or there is no reasonable prospect for recovery. Euthanasia may also be necessary to ensure human health or safety and/or regulatory requirements associated with disease control.

Allowing a sick or injured animal to suffer unnecessarily is unacceptable. Veterinarians can assist stockpeople in making treatment and euthanasia decisions. Once a euthanasia decision is made, euthanasia must be carried out by competent personnel without delay, using an acceptable method that incorporates correct landmarks for the chosen method and secondary steps when using captive bolt (refer to Appendix N – Anatomical Landmarks for Euthanasia and Appendix O – Secondary Steps to Cause Death).

Veterinarians play an important role in developing Euthanasia Action Plans, providing training, and performing euthanasia.

8.1  On-Farm Euthanasia Plans

Having a written and communicated euthanasia action plan will help ensure that euthanasia is carried out in a timely, effective, and consistent manner and that the immediate alleviation of pain and suffering is addressed (refer to Appendix J – Example of Decision Tree for Euthanasia and Appendix P – Sample On-Farm Euthanasia Action Plan).

If the stockperson providing care to the animal is unable to perform euthanasia, the herd veterinarian or another trained person can provide these services.

Once the decision has been made to euthanize, the procedure should be performed without delay. If euthanasia cannot happen immediately (e.g., trained stockpeople or equipment not immediately available), producers should take steps to prevent future delays such as training additional people or purchasing additional equipment.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. all farms should develop a written Euthanasia Action Plan that indicates the appropriate method(s) of euthanasia for each size of goat (a euthanasia action plan template can be found in Appendix P – Sample On-Farm Euthanasia Action Plan)
2. the Euthanasia Action Plan should include who will be responsible for making the decision to euthanize, how euthanasia will be done, and who will perform the task
3. when developing a farm-specific Euthanasia Action Plan, it should be done in consultation with the herd veterinarian
4. participate in a training session with a veterinarian. Training should include anatomical euthanasia landmarks, methods and required secondary steps, assessing loss of consciousness, signs of returning to sensibility, and confirming death
5. review training materials and the Euthanasia Action Plan at least annually, and more frequently as needed
6. develop a farm-specific protocol for determining when a goat should be euthanized. This protocol should be easily shared with all stockpeople involved in the care of the goats.

8.2  Acceptable Methods of Euthanasia

Euthanasia must be rapid, causing minimal to no stress and pain, and result in immediate loss of consciousness followed by death without the animal regaining consciousness. Humane handling and restraint (refer to Section 5.1 – Handling) are also important components of euthanasia.

When choosing a euthanasia method (refer to Table 8.1 – Acceptable Methods of Euthanasia and Secondary Steps), consider:

• human safety and the safety of nearby animals (from either the equipment or animal)
• the ability to restrain or contain the animal for proper application of the procedure
• the mental well-being of the person performing the procedure and other stockpeople
• the skill of the stockperson performing the procedure
• biosecurity and potential spread of disease
• carcass disposal
• the potential need for brain tissue for diagnostic purposes, if necessary
• laws governing the use and possession of firearms.

When euthanizing a pregnant doe, leaving a fetus(es) within the dam ensures that it will also die. When fetuses are viable and the intent is to save them, the best approach is to perform a caesarian section using standard anaesthetic and surgical procedures before euthanizing the dam. Nonviable kids should be euthanized immediately using an approved method (101).

The only acceptable methods are listed in Table 8.1. Appendices N and Q provide important further guidelines. Research has demonstrated that these methods all minimize or eliminate pain and distress.

Manually applied blunt force trauma is not an acceptable method for euthanizing goats as it is difficult to apply consistently and effectively, even in young kids (101).

Table 8.1 – Acceptable Methods of Euthanasia and Secondary Steps*

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. consider, in consultation with the herd veterinarian, sedation as a means of humane restraint as part of the euthanasia protocol
2. work with the herd veterinarian on selecting the appropriate captive bolt device, cartridge, charge, and bolt length for goats on your farm
3. do not manually restrain adult goats for euthanasia when using a firearm or captive penetrating or non-penetrating bolt device for euthanasia. Tools such as halters or head gates are better to assure human safety.

8.3  Confirmation of Loss of Consciousness and Death

When goats are euthanized, death does not occur immediately; it is the result of respiratory and cardiac failure and can take several minutes. Goats being euthanized must be rendered unconscious immediately and remain unconscious until death occurs. When the animal is unconscious, it cannot feel pain or experience distress (101).

An unconscious animal may have involuntary movements (e.g., paddling or kicking of the legs, neck flexing). When successfully stunned, the muscles are soon limp; the corneal reflex is absent (no blink response when the eyeball [i.e., the cornea] is touched); there is no vocalization, head lifting, or attempts to rise; and rhythmic breathing has ceased, with the possible exception of an occasional agonal breath (sudden gasp). Animals euthanized by a firearm or captive bolt device should immediately collapse upon the application of the euthanasia method as a further indicator of unconsciousness. Death is confirmed by a cessation of respiration and heartbeat for several minutes (33, 101).

The heartbeat is best monitored using a stethoscope placed over the location of the heart on the left side of the chest wall, just under the elbow. A low-cost stethoscope is sufficient for this purpose. Other less effective ways are to feel for the heartbeat or place an ear against the chest wall over the location of the heart. Feeling for a pulse elsewhere on the body is least effective and may miss a weak but present heartbeat.

The use of a strong flashlight can make checking the animal for fixed and dilated pupils easier when in an area of low ambient light. There should be no constriction of the pupil when a strong light is shone into the eye.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. actively monitor heartbeat and respiration for a full 5 minutes after applying the euthanasia method
2. use a stethoscope to monitor heartbeat
3. discuss the normal process of dying (i.e., typical signs of impending death) including how to ensure death has occurred, so observers understand what to expect. The herd veterinarian can provide this information.

8.4  Mental Well-being

Not all people will be comfortable making euthanasia decisions or performing euthanasia. It is important to respect the aspects of mental stress associated with these tasks. For these reasons, a euthanasia plan should consider the mental well-being of the stockpeople (102).

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. discuss euthanasia decision making and the process of euthanasia with stockpeople to ensure that they understand and accept these duties
2. do not require an animal care provider who has expressed that they are unwilling to accept these duties to perform euthanasia or make euthanasia decisions
3. make changes to the euthanasia plan if those responsible for performing euthanasia are observed to be experiencing changes in their mental wellness.

8.5  On-Farm Slaughter

Captive bolt devices and firearms can both be used for on-farm slaughter (as per euthanasia methods outlined in this chapter) when the animal is considered suitable for human consumption. Both are a humane method of slaughter.

Producers must ensure all applicable regulations are followed if slaughtering on the farm. It should be noted that on-farm slaughter for other than own use is prohibited by law in some jurisdictions in Canada.

8.5.1  Slaughter Without Stunning

Pre-slaughter stunning can only be omitted for specific ritual slaughter in accordance with religious rules (Islamic or Judaic requirements). An unconscious animal is preferred to minimize pain and distress throughout the slaughter process.

Ritual bleeding can result in rapid, but not instantaneous, loss of consciousness. If slaughter must be done without stunning, the best practice for the welfare of animals is to stun the animal immediately following the cut (post–cut stunning).

There are considerable welfare risks associated with slaughter without stunning because it results in distress, pain, and potential aspiration of blood. For this reason, slaughter without stunning is not considered euthanasia.

It is recommended that if non-stun slaughter is to be done, the goats are sent to a licensed abattoir with personnel trained and equipped to do this method and with appropriate oversight, handling systems, equipment, and monitoring.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES:

1. slaughter without stunning should be performed within properly equipped slaughtering facilities when possible
2. it is strongly recommended that animals that are slaughtered without stunning be immediately stunned post-cut using captive bolt or firearm to reduce the potential for animal suffering
3. recommendations from the Council of Chief Veterinary Officers “Standards for Optimizing Animal Welfare Outcomes during Slaughter without Stunning” are strongly encouraged (refer to Appendix R – Standards for Optimizing Animal Welfare Outcomes during Slaughter without Stunning).

References

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Appendix A – Sample Goat Welfare Policy

[Your Farm/Company]

Employee Animal Care Code of Conduct

Our commitment to our animals

[Our company/farm] is committed to responsible farm animal care and handling. That means animals in our care deserve to be healthy, safe and well cared for.

Our commitment to our customers

Working with animals is important work that we take seriously. We are proud of the work that we do, and we strictly enforce responsible farm animal care and handling among employees and service providers at our facility.

Every person who handles or comes into contact with an animal is required to support our core objective of responsible farm animal care and handling. The demonstration of that support is through the review and signing of this Code of Conduct agreement on a [quarterly/annual] basis.

Our commitment to our employees

Your job is valuable and important to our animals, and our business. When you report an incident involving possible mistreatment, illness or injury involving one of our animals, we will take it seriously. We will document your concern. We will follow up to resolve the animal’s situation, and/or provide additional training among employees.

Our employees’ commitment to us

Every one of our employees is required to handle and treat animals with respect and in accordance with [farm/company] policies and rules as well as the federal, provincial, and municipal regulations under which we operate.

Any employee who is responsible for, observes or receives any information that alleges an animal on our property or in our care is being mistreated, mishandled or treated or handled in a way that is contrary to our animal care policy/guidelines must report that information to [NAME OF POINT PERSON] immediately so that the situation can be corrected. [PROVIDE CONTACT INFO].

Failure to adhere to this agreement is cause for dismissal. [Farm/company] reserves the right to refer animal-abusers to law enforcement for prosecution.

I _________________________ understand and acknowledge that willful neglect, mishandling or abuse of animals by any [name of company] employee or witnessing it and not reporting it is subject to discipline including immediate termination of employment, and that offenders may also be subject to prosecution under applicable laws.

__________________________________     __________________________

Signature of employee                                    Date

Print name: _____________________________________________________

__________________________________     __________________________

Signature of employer                                     Date

Name and Title: _________________________________________________

Appendix C – Mapping Barns and Surrounding Areas for Fire Services

A map of the barn and its surroundings must be drawn and kept readily accessible for emergency crews. A copy of the farm map should be sent to your local fire service and another one should be put in a sealed container near the road upon evacuation from the farm. The map should include:

• all buildings, including fan openings, windows, doors, floor drains and their outlets
• location of animals on the site
• supplies (e.g., fire extinguishers, first aid kits, tools, protective clothing, absorbent materials)
• electrical service panels
• hydro, gas, and water shutoffs
• generator(s), hookups for generator(s)
• all fixed outside equipment
• compressed gas storages (e.g., oxygen, acetylene, and air tanks)
• propane and fuel tanks
• anhydrous ammonia storage
• location of firearms, ammunitions and/or captive bolt cartridges
• water well location(s), including abandoned and unused wells
• water source for firefighting (may be the nearest tank fill location)
• possible contamination sources (e.g., pesticide storages, fertilizer storages, petroleum products storage, septic systems, manure storages, barnyards, pesticide mixing facilities)
• expected pathways for water runoff (e.g., where will the water flow when a fire is put out?)
• perimeter fences, gates, tile inlets, catch basins, surface water
• access routes to outdoor containment areas where animals can be moved if evacuated (i.e., pastures or lots).

Appendix E – To Prepare in Case of Evacuation

Source: Adapted from Public Safety Canada (2011) Emergency Preparedness for Farm Animals.

Available at: www.getprepared.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/frm-nmls/frm-nmls-eng.pdf

Appendix F – Body Condition Scoring

Appendix G – Goat Flight Zone

Appendix H – Properly Trimmed and Overgrown Hooves 

Hoof Aspect	Ordinal Score
	0		1		2
Toe Length		Toe is not overgrown  Length is less than half the length of rest of the hoof		Toe is moderately overgrown  Length is more than half but less than the length of rest of the hoof		Toe is severely overgrown  Length is greater than the full length of rest of the hoof
Heel Shape		Heel is upright  Not walking on heel  Cornet band is parallel to ground		Heel is moderately dipped  Not walking on heel Cornet band is angled towards the ground		Heel is severely dipped  Walking on heel Coronet band angled sharply towards the ground
Fetlock Shape*		Fetlock is upright and straight		Fetlock is dipped towards the ground  Bony lump on pastern may be apparent
Claw Shape		Both claws straight		One claw is bent/twisted  Either away or towards the midline		Both claws bent/twisted  Either away or towards the midline
Claw Splay**		Claws not splayed  Distance between the inside edge of claw tips is < 4 cm		Claws moderately splayed  Distance between the inside edge of claw tips is > 4 cm and < 6 cm		Claws severely splayed  Distance between the inside edge of claw tips is > 6 cm

Figure H.1. Assessment of goat claw shape with the use of a 3-point ordinal scale (0, 1, and 2), except for fetlock shape, which was scored on a binary scale (0 or 1); 0 was “normal” in all cases.

* Fetlock scored as binary 0 or 1.

** Claw splay only scored if claw shape scored as 0.

Source: Deeming et al. (2019) The development of a hoof conformation assessment for use in dairy goats. Animals 9(11). DOI: 10.3390/ani9110973.

Appendix I – Hair Problems around Genitals

Under clipped vulva area		Urine-stained hair removed from vulva area
Under clipped penis area		Urine-stained hair removed from penis area

Appendix J – Example of Decision Tree for Euthanasia

Examples of criteria for euthanizing goats:

• weak, unable to stand
• unable to eat or drink
• severe injury ( e.g. from predator attack)
• broken leg with exposed bone
• exposed internal organs
• moderate to severe lameness
• rectal or vaginal prolapse (persistent or damaged)
• severe body weight loss (20% or greater).

Adapted from: Turner, P.V., Doonan, G., 2010. Developing on-farm euthanasia plans. Can Vet J. 2010 September; 51(9): 1031–1034. Available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2920162/ Accessed September 27, 2012.

Appendix K – Lameness Scoring

Appendix L – Important and Serious Infectious Diseases of Goats: Signs and Causes

Appendix M – Transport Decision Tree

The transport decision tree is a tool used to help make animal transport decisions. It is a summary based on Part XII of the Health of Animals Regulations (HAR), and provides some examples. If ever in doubt, do not load the animal(s) and contact your veterinarian. Refer to Part XII of the HAR for official wording and guidance.

Source: Adapted from the Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Beef Cattle (2013): Available at www.nfacc.ca/codes-of-practice/beef-cattle

Appendix N – Anatomical Landmarks for Euthanasia

Source: Adapted from the American Veterinary Medical Association. AVMA guidelines for the humane slaughter of animals: 2016 edition; JK Shearer, Iowa State University; adapted from the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition.

Appendix O – Secondary Steps to Cause Death

Required for captive bolt device euthanasia.

A goat must be unconscious before a secondary step is applied. See Section 8.3 – Confirmation of Loss of Consciousness and Death.

Bleeding out (exsanguination)

Bleeding out of an unconscious animal (previously stunned with a captive bolt device or firearm): A sharp, single-sided blade is inserted into the neck below the cervical vertebrae (i.e., the bones of the neck) and behind the back of the jaw (Figure O.1). The blade is drawn forward to cut both jugular veins and carotid arteries, as well as the trachea. Blood should immediately flow freely, and death occurs within minutes. Alternatively, the large blood vessels located under a foreleg in the axilla region (i.e., armpit area) may be cut (Figure O.2). The leg should be kept elevated until the bleeding stops and the animal is dead. After bleeding out, death must be confirmed according to criteria described in Section 8.3 – Confirmation of Loss of Consciousness and Death.

Figure O.1. Exsanguination by severing major blood vessels in the neck	Figure O.2. Exsanguination by severing major blood vessels in the axilla region

Pithing

Pithing is the process of destroying the brain tissue of an unconscious animal to prevent a return to consciousness and assure death. Pithing is performed by inserting a rod through the hole in the skull created by the penetrating captive bolt device. The operator manipulates the pithing tool to destroy brainstem and spinal cord tissue. After pithing, death must be confirmed according to criteria described in Section 8.3 – Confirmation of Loss of Consciousness and Death.

Ask the herd veterinarian to confirm that the pithing tool is appropriately sized for the size of goats on your farm. A disposable pithing rod is best for biosecurity but a reusable tool can also be used. The tool must be long enough to reach the brain where it connects to the spinal cord at the base of the skull. The rods must be carefully cleaned or disposed of after each use.

At first, pithing will cause involuntary muscle contractions such as uncoordinated kicking, but the muscles will gradually relax and movement will cease. Be sure to stand well away from the legs of the goat when pithing. This movement is not a sign of consciousness and the animal is not in pain. The carcass is no longer safe for consumption due to possible contamination. Producers are also advised to confirm that pithing will not affect dead stock removal.

Intravenous Injection

A solution of potassium chloride (KCl, also known as a sodium-free salt substitute) or magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄, also known as Epsom salts) is injected directly into an unconscious goat’s vein or heart to make the heart stop beating. Proper intravenous injections of these substances can be challenging, especially in young, extremely ill, and/or dehydrated goats: that is why intracardiac is sometimes preferred. After injection, death must be confirmed according to criteria described in Section 8.3 – Confirmation of Loss of Consciousness and Death.

Contact the herd veterinarian to determine the appropriate concentration of powder to water. The solution will not work if injected peri-vascular (around the vein), intramuscular, or subcutaneously. Injection of these substances into a conscious goat is prohibited as it causes extreme pain. Do not inject any other substances.

Intracardiac Injection

Contact the herd veterinarian to determine the appropriate concentration of powder to water. Using a 60 mL syringe filled with a solution of KCl (or MgSO4), attach a 14-gauge 2-inch needle, and inject directly into the heart. The heart is found behind the point of the elbow and 5 to 10 cm from the bottom of the chest (depends on the size of the animal; Figure P.3). In addition, using 1-2 fingers pressed firmly in that location (between ribs), the exact injection site will be where you feel the maximum intensity of the animal’s heartbeat. Insert the needle perpendicular to the body wall and draw back on the syringe. You know you are in the correct location when you draw back on the syringe and see blood. You may have to redirect the needle until blood is seen in the syringe. Inject the full 60 mL solution. Confirm death according to criteria described in Section 8.3 – Confirmation of Loss of Consciousness and Death.

Source: Adapted from Iowa State University Procedures for the Humane Euthanasia of Sick, Injured and/or Debilitated Livestock. Available at:  www.vetmed.iastate.edu/sites/default/files/vdpam/Extension/Dairy/Programs/Humane%20Euthanasia/Download%20Files/Euthanasia Brochure20130128.pdf.

Appendix S – Resources for Further Information

More information on goat production and welfare is available through federal and provincial ministries of agriculture, national or provincial goat organizations, universities and colleges, animal welfare organizations, and veterinary organizations. 

Producer Organizations

 Alberta Goat Association

            Website: www.albertagoats.com

Alberta Mohair Producers Association

            Phone: (403) 728-3488

British Columbia Goat Association

            Website: www.bcgoat.ca

Canadian Goat Society

            Website: www.goats.ca

Canadian Meat Goat Society

            Website: www.canadianmeatgoat.com

Canadian National Goat Federation

            Website: www.cangoats.com

Manitoba Goat Association

            Website: www.sites.google.com/site/manitobagoatassociation1a/home

Ontario Dairy Goat Co-operative

            Website: www.ontariodairygoat.com

Ontario Goat

            Website: www.ontariogoat.ca

Saskatchewan Goat Breeders Association

            Website: www.saskgoatbreeders.com

Farm Animal Councils

 Alberta Farm Animal Care

            Phone: (403) 652-5111

            Website: www.afac.ab.ca

Farm and Food Care Canada

            Website: www.farmfoodcare.org

Farm and Food Care Ontario

            Phone: (519) 837-1326

            Website: www.farmfoodcareon.org

Farm and Food Care Prince Edward Island

            Phone: (902) 368-7289

            Website: www.farmfoodcarepei.org

Farm and Food Care Saskatchewan

            Phone: (306) 477-3663

            Website: www.farmfoodcaresk.org

 Government

 Alberta Agriculture and Forestry

            Website: www.agric.gov.ab.ca

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

            Website: www.agr.gc.ca

British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture

            Website: www.gov.bc.ca/agri

Canadian Food Inspection Agency

            Website: www.inspection.ca

Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives

            Website: www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture

New Brunswick Ministry of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries

            Website: www.gnb.ca/0027

Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Agrifoods

            Website: www.nr.gov.nl.ca/nr/agrifoods/index.html

Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture and Marketing

            Website: www.gov.ns.ca/agri

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food

            Website: www.omafra.gov.on.ca

Prince Edward Island Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry

            Website: www.gov.pe.ca/af

Québec Agriculture, Pécheries et Alimentation

            Website: www.mapaq.gouv.qc.ca

Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture

            Website: www.saskatchewan.ca/agriculture

Veterinary Drugs Directorate (Health Canada)

Website: www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/branch-dirgen/hpfbdgpsa/vdd-dmv/index-eng.php

 Agriculture Colleges and Universities

 Dalhousie University – Faculty of Agriculture – Bible Hill, NS

            Website: www.dal.ca/faculty/agriculture.html

Lakeland College – Vermilion, AB

            Website: www.lakelandcollege.ca

Laval University – Faculté des sciences de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation – Québec, QC

            Website: www.fsaa.ulaval.ca

McGill University – Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences – Montreal, QC

            Website: www.mcgill.ca/macdonald

Olds College – Olds, AB

            Website: www.oldscollege.ca

Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph – Guelph, ON

            Website: www.uoguelph.ca/oac

University of Alberta – Faculty of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences – Edmonton, AB

            Website: www.ales.ualberta.ca

University of British Columbia – Faculty of Land and Food Systems – Vancouver, BC

            Website: www.landfood.ubc.ca

University of Manitoba – Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences – Winnipeg, MB

            Website: www.umanitoba.ca/afs/

University of Saskatchewan, Agriculture and Bioresources College, University of Saskatchewan – Saskatoon, SK

            Website: www.agbio.usask.ca

 Colleges of Veterinary Medicine

 Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island – Charlottetown, PEI

            Website: www.avc.upei.ca

Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal – Montréal, QC

            Website : www.medvet.umontreal.ca

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary – Calgary, AB

            Website: www.vet.ucalgary.ca

Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph – Guelph, ON

            Website: www.ovc.uoguelph.ca

Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan – Saskatoon, SK

            Website: www.usask.ca/wcvm

 Animal Welfare Organizations

 Alberta Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

            Phone: (780) 447-3600

            Website: www.albertaspca.org

Animal Protection Services of Saskatchewan

            Phone: (306) 382-0002

            Website: www.animalprotectionservices.ca

British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

            Phone: (604) 681-7271

            Website: www.spca.bc.ca

Humane Canada

            Phone: (613) 224-8072

            Website: https://humanecanada.ca/

New Brunswick Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

            Phone: (506) 458-8208

            Website: www.spca-nb.ca

Nova Scotia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

            Phone: (902) 835-4798

            Website: www.spcans.ca

Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

            Phone: (905) 898-7122

            Website: www.ontariospca.ca

 Veterinary Associations

 Canadian Association of Bovine Veterinarians

            Phone: (306) 956-3543

            Website: www.cabv.ca

Canadian Small Ruminant Veterinarians

Website: www.canadianveterinarians.net/news-events/news/formation-canadian-national-small-ruminant-vet-group

Canadian Veterinary Medical Association

            Phone: (613) 236-1162

            Website: www.cvma-acmv.org

L’Association des Médecins Vétérinaires Praticiens du Québec

            Phone : (418) 651-0477

            Website: www.amvpq.org

Ontario Association of Bovine Practitioners

            Website: www.oabp.ca

Western Canadian Association of Bovine Practitioners

            Phone: (866) 269-8387

            Website: www.wcabp.com

Other

Animal Health Canada

          Website: www.animalhealthcanada.ca

Canadian Cattle Identification Agency (CCIA)

            Phone: (877) 909-2333

            Website: www.canadaid.com

Canadian Livestock Transport (CLT)

            Phone: (519) 829-2242.

            Website: www.livestocktransport.ca

World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, founded as OIE)

            Website: https://www.woah.org/

Works Consulted

The following resources were consulted during the development of this Code. They may also be of interest to those seeking additional information:

Standards and comprehensive resources

A Greener World. Dairy goat standards. 2018. www.agreenerworld.org/certifications/animal-welfare-approved/standards/dairy-goat-standards/

Animal Health Australia and Goat Industry Council of Australia. Australian Industry Standards and Guidelines for Goats. 2019. www.animalwelfarestandards.net.au/goat/

American Society of Animal Science. Guide for the care and use of agricultural animals in research and teaching. 2010. www.asas.org/ag_guide_3rded/HTML5/index.html

Animal Welfare Victoria. Code of Accepted Farming Practice for the Welfare of Goats. 2022. www.agriculture.vic.gov.au/livestock-and-animals/animal-welfare-victoria/pocta-act-1986/victorian-codes-of-practice-for-animal-welfare/code-of-accepted-farming-practice-for-the-welfare-of-goats

AWIN (Animal Welfare Indictors). AWIN welfare assessment protocol for goats. 2015. www.air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/269102/384790/AWINProtocolGoats.pdf

Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC). CCAC guidelines on: the care and use of farm animals in research, teaching and testing. 2009. www.ccac.ca/Documents/Standards/Guidelines/Farm_Animals.pdf

Global Animal Partnership. Goat Standards. 2020. www.globalanimalpartnership.org/standards/goat/

Hedrich, C. Best management practices for dairy goat farmers. 2008. www.smallruminants.ces.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Bestmanagementpracticesfordairygoatfarmers.pdf?fwd=no

Humane Farm Animal Care. Standards for production of goats. 2013. www.certifiedhumane.org/wp-content/uploads/Std13.Goat_.2A-2.pdf

Manitoba Agriculture. Goats. N.d. www.manitoba.ca/agriculture/livestock/production/goat/print,index.html

Manitoba Goat Association. Goat Welfare. N.d. www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/livestock/goat/pubs/goat-welfare.pdf

NFACC. Code of practice for the care and handling of bison. 2017. www.nfacc.ca/pdfs/codes/bison_code_of_practice.pdf.

NFACC. Code of practice for the care and handling of goats. 2003. www.nfacc.ca/codes-of-practice/goats

NFACC. Code of practice for the care and handling of pigs. 2014. www.nfacc.ca/pdfs/codes/pig_code_of_practice.pdf.

NFACC. Code of practice for the care and handling of sheep. 2013. www.nfacc.ca/pdfs/codes/sheep_code_of_practice.pdf.

NFACC. Code of practice for the care and handling of veal cattle. 2017. www.nfacc.ca/pdfs/codes/veal_cattle_code_of_practice.pdf.

Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture. Goat production manual. N.d. www.novascotia.ca/thinkfarm/documents/Manual-Goat.pdf

Ontario Goat. Best management practices for commercial goat production. 2014. www.ontariogoat.ca/best-management-practices-manual/

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Dairy goats. www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/goat/dairy_goats.html

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Dairy goat farm production requirements. www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/food/inspection/dairy/page-1.htm

PennState Extension. Meat Goat Production and Management Home Study Course. N.d. www.extension.psu.edu/programs/courses/meat-goat

The Ohio State University. Goat resource handbook. 2016. www.extensionpubs.osu.edu/goat-resource-handbook/

Popular literature/books

Amundson, C. How to raise goats. 2009. www.amazon.com/How-Raise-Goats-Carol-Amundson/dp/076033157X/ref=sr_1_9?dchild=1&keywords=goat+management&qid=1595969165&sr=8-9

Australian Livestock Export Corporation (LiveCorp) and Meat & Livestock Australia. Veterinary handbook for cattle, sheep and goats. 2020. www.veterinaryhandbook.com.au/ContentSection.aspx?id=1

Belanger, J. and Thomson Bredesen, S. Storey's Guide to Raising Dairy Goats, 5th Edition: Breed Selection, Feeding, Fencing, Health Care, Dairying, Marketing. 2018. www.amazon.com/Storeys-Guide-Raising-Dairy-Goats/dp/1612129323/ref=sr_1_29?dchild=1&keywords=goat+management&qid=1595969819&sr=8-29

Caldwell, G. Holistic Goat Care: A Comprehensive Guide to Raising Healthy Animals, Preventing Common Ailments, and Troubleshooting Problems. 2017. www.amazon.com/Holistic-Goat-Care-Comprehensive-Troubleshooting/dp/160358630X/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=goat+management&qid=1595968435&sr=8-1

Childs, L. The Joy of Keeping Goats: The Ultimate Guide to Dairy and Meat Goats. 2011. www.amazon.com/Joy-Keeping-Goats-Ultimate-Guide-ebook/dp/B004XR10EQ/ref=sr_1_21?dchild=1&keywords=goat+management&qid=1595969680&sr=8-21

Harwood, D. and Mueller, K. Goat medicine and surgery. 2018. www.routledge.com/Goat-Medicine-and-Surgery/Harwood-Mueller/p/book/9781498748636

Humphrey, M.L. Annie's All About Goats: Essential Goat Care. 2015. www.amazon.com/Annies-All-About-Goats-Essential/dp/0692480188/ref=sr_1_13?dchild=1&keywords=goat+management&qid=1595969243&sr=8-13

McCullough, F. Housing, bedding, fencing, exercise yards and pasture management guide. 2012. www.amazon.ca/Housing-Bedding-Fencing-Exercise-Management/dp/1781650411

McCullough, F. Managing Goat Nutrition: What You Need to Know a Simple Guide. 2012. www.amazon.ca/Managing-Goat-Nutrition-Simple-Guide/dp/1475063024/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1S03Z5YCI43YR&keywords=Managing+goat+nutrition%3A+What+you+need+to+know+a+simple+guide.&qid=1655486963&s=books&sprefix=managing+goat+nutrition+what+you+need+to+know+a+simple+guide+%2Cstripbooks%2C91&sr=1-1

Niemann, D. Raising Goats Naturally, 2nd Edition: The Complete Guide to Milk, Meat, and More. 2018. www.amazon.com/Raising-Goats-Naturally-2nd-Complete-ebook/dp/B07FDN5FK5/ref=sr_1_15?dchild=1&keywords=goat+management&qid=1595969355&sr=8-15

Smith, C.K. Raising goats for dummies. 2010. www.amazon.com/Raising-Goats-Dummies-Cheryl-Smith/dp/0470568992/ref=pd_rhf_dp_s_pd_crcd_1_1/144-6765980-5442223?_encoding=UTF8&pd_rd_i=0470568992&pd_rd_r=4db1dd13-e18f-4946-98af-befa049c9eff&pd_rd_w=RnvHA&pd_rd_wg=Ks5Di&pf_rd_p=a9b07153-0c21-4525-9d4a-94428cee590f&pf_rd_r=EFNANNYWK32GPVZK19P0&psc=1&refRID=EFNANNYWK32GPVZK19P0

Van Der Noot, G.W. Dairy Goats – With Information on the Breeds, Breeding and Management of Dairy Goats. 2015. www.amazon.com/Dairy-Goats-Information-Breeding-Management/dp/1446529924/ref=sr_1_31?dchild=1&keywords=goat+management&qid=1595969944&refinements=p_72%3A1250221011&rnid=1250219011&s=books&sr=1-31

Sub-sections:

a) Housing/Accommodations

British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture. Commonly used wire for agricultural fences. 2015. www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/agriculture-and-seafood/farm-management/structures-and-mechanization/300-series/307100-1_commonly_used_wire_for_agric_fences.pdf

British Goat Society. Housing. 2020. www.britishgoatsociety.com/about-us/housing/

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Goat and sheep housing. N.d. www.fao.org/3/s1250e/s1250e17.htm

McCullough, F. Goat Housing, Bedding, Fencing, Exercise Yards And Pasture Management Guide. 2012. www.amazon.com/gp/product/B009B7SEJM?ref_=dbs_m_mng_rwt_calw_4&storeType=ebooks

NC State Extension. Housing and facilities for meat goats. 2015. www.content.ces.ncsu.edu/housing-and-facilities-for-meat-goats

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Bedding packs in goat barns. N.d. www.ontariogoat.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/bedding-packs-goats.pdf

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Planning and building a goat milk house. 2020. www.ontario.ca/page/planning-and-building-goat-milk-house

Purdue University. Housing for dairy goats. N.d. www.ansc.purdue.edu/goat/factsheet/housing.htm

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Housing of sheep and goats. N.d. www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/expert_system/sheepgoat/Housing%20of%20sheep%20and%20goats.html

UC Davis. Husbandry care of goats. 2019. www.research.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/SC-33-500.pdf

University of Massachusetts Amherst. Housing and working facilities for goats. 2008. www.ag.umass.edu/sites/ag.umass.edu/files/fact-sheets/pdf/Housing%20and%20Woking%20Facilites%20for%20Goats%2008-03.pdf

b) Feed & Water (Nutrition)

Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development. Poisonous Outdoor Plants. 1995. www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$Department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex13348/$FILE/666-2.pdf

Alberta Goat Breeders Association and Alberta Lamb Producers. Sheep and goat management in Alberta – Nutrition. 2009. www.ablamb.ca/images/documents/management-modules/Nutrition-module-2018-web.pdf

British Goat Society. Feeding. 2020. www.britishgoatsociety.com/about-us/feeding/

Manitoba Goat Association. Goats and their nutrition. 2008. www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/livestock/goat/pubs/goats-and-their-nutrition.pdf

Merck Veterinary Manual. Nutritional requirements of goats. 2014. www.merckvetmanual.com/management-and-nutrition/nutrition-goats/nutritional-requirements-of-goats

McCullough, F. A Simple Guide to the Goat's Digestive System. 2012. www.amazon.com/gp/product/B007I4AE70?ref_=dbs_m_mng_rwt_calw_0&storeType=ebooks

McCullough, F. Managing Goat Nutrition: What You Need to Know a Simple Guide. 2012. www.amazon.com/gp/product/B007M2JUDC?ref_=dbs_m_mng_rwt_calw_2&storeType=ebooks

Mulligan, G.A. Plants of Canada and the Northern United States that are Poisonous to Livestock, or that have Tainted Animal Products. N.d. www.weedscanada.ca/plants_poisonous_animals.htm#top1

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). Common Weeds Poisonous to Grazing Livestock. 2020. www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/dairy/facts/poisonousweeds.htm

c) Goat Health

Alberta Goat Breeders Association and Alberta Lamb Producers. Sheep and goat management in Alberta – Health. 2009. www.ablamb.ca/images/documents/management-modules/Nutrition-module-2018-web.pdf

BC Ministry of Agriculture. Keeping flocks healthy – sheep and goats. n.d. www.bcgoat.ca/uploads/1/2/7/8/127820865/keepingflockshealthysheepgoats.pdf

British Goat Society. Health. 2020. www.britishgoatsociety.com/about-us/health/

British Goat Society. Vaccines. 2020. www.britishgoatsociety.com/about-us/health/vaccines/

Harwood, D. Goat health planning and pharmaceutical availability. 2020. www.ablamb.ca/images/documents/management-modules/Nutrition-module-2018-web.pdf

Matthews, J. G. Diseases of the goat [book]. 2016. www.wiley.com/en-ca/Diseases+of+The+Goat%2C+4th+Edition-p-9781119073512

McCullough, F. Success Guide for Raising Healthy Goats. 2012. www.amazon.com/gp/product/B007LNW2A0?ref_=dbs_m_mng_rwt_calw_1&storeType=ebooks

Ontario Goat. Hypothermia and Hypoglycemia poster. 2015. www.ontariogoat.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/hypothermia-poster-final-approved.pdf

Ontario Goat. Assessing goat kid health. www.ontariogoat.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/GF2-0225-Assessing-Goat-Health-FINAL-2017.06.19.pdf

Smith, M.C. and Sherman, D.M. Goat Medicine [book]. 2009. www.wiley.com/en-us/Goat+Medicine%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9780781796439

d) Goat Transport (preparing for, until loading, and then unloading)

Animal Welfare Community of Practice. Transport and care of sheep and goats. 2019. www.animal-welfare.extension.org/transport-and-care-of-sheep-and-goats/

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Humane transport and animal welfare. N.d. www.inspection.canada.ca/animal-health/humane-transport/eng/1300460032193/1300460096845

Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Livestock transport in Canada. N.d. www.inspection.canada.ca/animal-health/humane-transport/livestock-and-poultry-transport-in-canada/eng/1363748532198/1363748620219

Council of Europe. On the transportation of sheep and goats. 1990. www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_co-operation/biological_safety_and_use_of_animals/transport/Rec%20R%20(90)5%20transport%20SheepsGoats.asp

Ontario Humane Transport Working Group. Transporting cattle, sheep and goats decision-tree. 2010. www.canadianveterinarians.net/documents/transporting-cattle-sheep-and-goats-decision-tree

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Lowering stress in transported goats. 2015. www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/goat/facts/15-013.htm

Wageningen UR Livestock Research. Space allowance of young goats during transportation to slaughter. 2016. www.silo.tips/download/wageningen-ur-livestock-research-4

e) End-of-Life Management

American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). AVMA Guidelines for the euthanasia of animals. 2020. www.avma.org/sites/default/files/2020-01/2020-Euthanasia-Final-1-17-20.pdf

California Department of Food and Agriculture. The emergency euthanasia of sheep and goats. 1999. www.ucanr.edu/sites/UCCE_LR/files/228027.pdf

Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC). CCAC Guidelines on: euthanasia of animals used in science. 2010. www.ccac.ca/Documents/Standards/Guidelines/Euthanasia.pdf

Council of Chief Veterinary Officers. Standards for Optimizing Animal Welfare Outcomes during Slaughter without Stunning. 2018. www.ahwcouncil.ca/pdfs/Slaughter%20without%20Stunning%20Standards%20approved%20September%207%202018-2.pdf

Ontario Goat. Steps for euthanasia of goats. n.d. www.ontariogoat.ca/goat-gazette/euthanasia-of-goats/

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. On-farm euthanasia of sheep and goats. 2020. www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/animalcare/facts/info_euthanasia_shgt.htm

f) Husbandry and Stockmanship

Alberta Goat Breeders Association and Alberta Lamb Producers. Sheep and goat management in Alberta – Reproduction. 2009. www.ablamb.ca/images/documents/management-modules/ALP-Reproduction-module-2018-web.pdf

British Goat Society. Breeding. 2020. www.britishgoatsociety.com/about-us/breeding/

British Veterinary Association and Goat Veterinary Society. BVA and Goat Veterinary Society policy position on goat kid disbudding and analgesia. 2018. www.bva.co.uk/media/2749/goat-disbudding.pdf

Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA). Castration of cattle, sheep, and goats – position statement. 2019. www.canadianveterinarians.net/documents/castration-cattle-sheep-goats

Goat Veterinary Society. Position statement on supplementary analgesia during the goat kid disbudding procedure. 2018. www.goatvetsoc.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/gvs-position-statement-on-analgesia-at-disbudding.pdf

McCullough, F. Kidding Goats a Simple Guide. 2012. www.amazon.com/gp/product/B009JTR15A?ref_=dbs_m_mng_rwt_calw_10&storeType=ebooks

McCullough, F. Weaning Your Goat Kids A Simple Guide. 2012. www.amazon.com/gp/product/B009BT4A8Y?ref_=dbs_m_mng_rwt_calw_5&storeType=ebooks

National Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard for the Goat Industry. Biosecurity Planning Guide for Canadian Goat Producers. 2013. www.inspection.gc.ca/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/biosecurity/standards-and-principles/producer-guide-goats/eng/1375213342187/1375213659306

Ontario Goat. Colostrum management for commercial goat production. 2015. www.ontariogoat.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Colostrum-Management-Book-LR.pdf

Ontario Goat. Goat reproduction manual. N.d. www.ontariogoat.ca/goat-reproduction-manual/

Ontario Goat. Restraining and weighing goats. n.d. www.ontariogoat.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/restraint-goat.pdf

Ontario Goat. Success from the Start: Management Practices for Raising Dairy Buck Kids for Meat. 2015. www.ontariogoat.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Buck-Kid-Booklet-LR8.pdf

Ontario Goat. Weaning. N.d. www.ontariogoat.ca/goat-gazette/weaning/

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). Raising Dairy Goat Buck Kids. 2017. www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/goat/facts/17-013.htm

g) Emergency Management and Planning

American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). Foot and mouth disease. n.d. www.avma.org/resources-tools/avma-policies/foot-and-mouth-disease

Ontario Farm Animal Council. Dealing with the aftermath of a livestock or poultry barn fire. 2015. www.ontariogoat.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/OFAC-Barn-Fire-Aftermath.pdf

Ontario Goat. Producer handbook: Preparing the Ontario Goat Sector for Disease-Related Sector-Wide Emergencies. 2018. www.ontariogoat.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/AHEM-ON-Goat-Handbook-DIGITAL.pdf

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. Reducing the Risk of Fire on Your Farm. 2010. www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/barnfire/toc.pdf 

Appendix T - Participants

Code Development Committee Members

Scientific Committee Members

Participants are defined as per NFACC’s Guiding Principles for Codes of Practice.

The Code Development Committee wishes to recognize Melissa Moggy DVM (Science Writer) and Jeffrey Spooner, PhD (Code Manager).

The Committee would like to thank the anonymous peer-reviewers of the Goat Scientific Committee Report and appreciates the valuable input from the public comment period and all those who provided comments and advice throughout the process.

Appendix U – Summary of Code Requirements

The following is a list of the Requirements within the goat Code of Practice. Refer to the cited Code section for further context about the Requirements.      

Section 1 Roles and Responsibilities

• Personnel working with goats must have ready access to a copy of this Code of Practice, be familiar with, and comply with the Requirements as stated in this Code.
• Producers must ensure that personnel involved in the care and management of goats are knowledgeable, skilled, trained, competent, and supervised.

Section 2 Housing and Handling Facilities

• Goats must have access to shelter.
• Goat shelters or buildings, either natural or manufactured, must mitigate the harmful effects of rain, wind, and extreme cold and heat.
• Goat housing, including shelters, must keep goats clean and dry.
• Building materials with which goats come into contact must not contain harmful compounds.

2.1.1 Temperature

• For the first week of life kids must be protected from wind chills and drafty, cold conditions.
• Stockpeople must be able to recognize and promptly assist goats displaying signs of heat or cold stress.

2.1.2 Ventilation and Air Quality

• Goat housing must have ventilation (natural or mechanical) to bring in fresh air and exhaust humidity and manure gases
• Condensation visible on surfaces or in the air requires corrective action.
• Corrective actions must be taken if ammonia is either detected by smell or if levels are more than 25 ppm.

2.1.3 Lighting

• Goats must have sufficient light to facilitate care and observation.
• Artificial lighting must be added to buildings with low natural light.
• An appropriate period of rest from artificial lighting (at a minimum, 6 hours) must be provided to allow goats to maintain their natural photoperiod.
• All electric wires and fittings must be well out of reach of goats and well protected (29).

2.2.1 Pen Design

• Fences, gates, penning, and feeders must be designed to prevent accidental entrapment.
• All penning must be maintained and repaired or replaced as needed.
• Barriers, pen dividers, or other penning or handling structures must have no sharp edges or protrusions that might injure goats (32).
• Pens must be available to separate and treat goats.

2.2.2 Floor Space Allowance in Pens

• Goats must be housed in groups and have enough space to turn around, lie down, stretch-out when lying down, get up, rest, and groom themselves comfortably at all ages and stages of production (44).
• If overcrowding behaviours are observed, action must be promptly taken to reduce stocking density.

2.3 Flooring

• Flooring must be designed and maintained to minimize slipping and injury (11).
• Slatted floors must be maintained to prevent goats from becoming damp, cold, injured, or entrapped; drafts and ammonia levels must be minimized to reduce adverse health effects.

2.4 Feeder Design

• Limit-fed goats must all be able to access feed at the same time.
• Feeders must be designed and maintained to prevent goats from becoming injured or accidentally entrapped.
• Feeders must be cleaned when contamination (e.g., feces, spoiled feed) is observed in the feeders.
• Feeders must be checked daily.

2.5 Watering Systems

• Watering systems must be monitored daily to ensure that safe, clean, and palatable water is always available.
• Waterers must be designed and positioned to minimize contamination (e.g., fecal matter, feed).
• Waterers must be cleaned whenever contaminated (e.g., algae, organic material).
• All electrical watering devices must be properly grounded and maintained to prevent shocks.
• Waterers accessible by kids must be sized, positioned, and protected to prevent drowning.
• Producers must have a plan to supply water in an emergency (i.e., power failure, drought).

2.6 Handling Systems

• Handling equipment or method of restraint must not cause injury or unnecessary stress to goats.

2.7 Enrichment

• Provide goats with at least one form of enrichment.

2.8 Bedding and Manure Management

• Bedding must be provided in all buildings housing goats (except systems using slatted floors) to create a clean, comfortable, and dry surface.
• In cold temperatures, extra bedding must be provided.
• Manure and waste must be stored in a manner to:
  • avoid run-off seeping into goat housing areas
  • prevent contamination of water sources and feed
  • prevent attracting scavengers to housing areas.

2.9.1 Fencing

• There must be no sharp edges or protrusions (e.g., tail-end of the barbed wire) in fencing or in pasture that could injure goats.
• Fencing must be monitored daily for entrapped goats and corrective action taken as needed.
• If entrapment or injury is a recurring problem, stockpeople must investigate and repair.

2.10 Milking Parlours

• Parlour areas must be free of protrusions or sharp edges that could injure goats.
• Pens, ramps, milking parlours, and milking machines must be suitable for goats and be inspected and maintained to prevent injury, disease, and distress.
• Gates and restraining devices of milking stalls must operate smoothly and safely.

Section 3 Emergency Preparedness and Management

3.1 Emergency Prevention and Preparedness

• An emergency telephone list must be readily available for the producer, stockpeople, and emergency crews. Refer to Appendix B – Emergency Telephone List.
• Farm-specific procedures must be prepared for emergencies such as fires, equipment or power failures, and extreme weather events. The procedures must be written and communicated to stockpeople and family members.
• A map of the barn and its surroundings must be drawn and kept readily accessible for emergency crews. Refer to Appendix C – Mapping Barns and Surrounding Areas for Fire Services.
• Emergency plans must include specific actions and those designated to conduct specific actions.
• Plans must be easily accessible at the onset of an emergency.
• Plans must ensure that the welfare of the animals is maintained in any potential emergency event.

3.1.1 Fire in Farm Buildings

• All electrical connections to equipment must be hard-wired. Extension cords must only be used temporarily and unplugged when not in use.
• All electric wiring, outlets, and fixtures (e.g., heat lamps) must be out of reach of livestock.
• Fire extinguishers must be available and maintained according to manufacturer’s instructions. Stockpeople must know where they are located and must be competent in their use.
• When in use, heat lamps and infra-red heaters must be kept at a safe distance from combustible materials, including bedding.
• Heat lamps must have a guard and must be suspended using non-combustible materials (62).

3.1.3 Power/Mechanical Failure

• If the systems cannot be run manually, an alternative method or power source must be available to run critical systems (e.g., watering system, ventilation, milking, feeding).
• Producers must have enough feed and safe, clean, and palatable water to meet the needs of their goats for at least 72 hours.
• All electrical and mechanical equipment and services including water bowls and troughs, ventilating fans, heating and lighting units, milking machines, and alarm systems must be inspected at least annually and kept in good working order.

3.1.5 Catastrophic Animal Losses

• All farms where euthanasia is performed by anyone other than the owner/primary producer, must have a written Euthanasia Action Plan that indicates appropriate methods, landmarks, and secondary steps when using a captive bolt.

Section 4 Feed and Water

4.1.1 Managing Feeding and Nutrition

• Feed (including forage, pasture, and/or grain ration) must be accessible and available every day.
• Feed provided must meet nutritional needs of goats appropriate for species, age, size, and stage and level of production.
• Sufficient fibre must be provided in the ration to promote rumination (cud chewing).
• Ration changes must be made gradually to allow acclimation of the rumen microflora.

4.1.2 Managing Feeding and Body Condition

• Body condition must be routinely monitored.
• Corrective action must be taken if body condition score falls below 2 or above 4 (out of 5).

4.1.3 Managing Feed Quality

• Feed must be handled, stored, and fed to maintain quality and minimize spoilage.
• Feed contaminated with visible mold, spoilage, soil, or fecal material must not be fed to goats.
• Stockpeople must be able to recognize signs of disease that could be related to poor feed quality.
• Reasonable steps must be taken to prevent exposure to toxins (e.g., poisonous plants, moldy or spoiled feed, toxic construction materials, antifreeze, lead, and pesticides).

4.2.1 Colostrum Management for Dam-Raised Kids

• Newborn kids must receive their first colostrum feeding as soon as possible (within the first 2 hours is best) and no later than 6 hours after birth.
• A supply of good quality colostrum or colostrum replacer must be available to supplement newborn kids in a timely manner.

4.2.2 Colostrum Management for Artificially-Raised Kids

• Newborn kids must receive their first colostrum feeding as soon as possible (within the first 2 hours is best) and no later than 6 hours after birth.
• A newborn kid must be fed a minimum of 20% of its birthweight in colostrum in the first 24 hours (e.g., 600 mL for 3 kg kid divided into at least 3 feedings).
• If not fed immediately, colostrum must be covered and chilled after collection to minimize bacterial growth.
• Colostrum must not be left at room temperature.
• Colostrum must not be thawed or heated using a microwave.
• All colostrum equipment must be cleaned, sanitized, and dried after each use.
• Each farm must have a stockperson competent in the proper method of tube feeding a newborn kid.

4.3 Raising Kids on Milk or Milk Replacer

• Milk replacer powder must be well mixed to stay in solution, mixed at correct concentration, and deliver consistent nutrition to all kids in the group.
• Kids must receive a volume and quality of milk or milk replacer that promotes health, growth, and vigour (32).
• Milk and milk replacer must be kept fresh and not allowed to spoil.
• Milk feeding equipment and utensils must be cleaned and sanitized after each use to reduce bacterial growth.
• Automated milk feeders must be cleaned and sanitized as needed to maintain a sanitary feeding system.

4.4 Weaning

• Does nursing kids (especially multiples) must receive adequate nutrition to produce sufficient milk to sustain their kids until weaning.
• Dry feed or forage must be provided to artificially-raised kids starting at one week of age to promote rumen development.
• Before weaning, kids must be consuming adequate amounts of forage, solid feed, and water daily to maintain growth and health.
• Kids must not be weaned from milk before 6 weeks of age (69).

4.5 Grazing and Pasturing Areas

• Available pasture and/or browse must meet dietary needs.
• The ration must be supplemented if there is insufficient forage quantity or quality to meet dietary needs or is inaccessible due to snow or ice cover.
• Feed volumes/rations must be increased in extreme cold weather to allow for higher energy demands.
• Stockpeople must ensure that pregnant does are able to meet dietary requirements necessary to support late gestation needs.
• Application of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides onto pasture must be timed to prevent risk to animals (31).

4.6 Feeding to Prevent Common Metabolic and Nutrition-Related Diseases

• Controlling the risk of metabolic and nutrition-related diseases must be considered when formulating diets and feeding rations.
• Feed and feeding management must be amended quickly when metabolic and nutritional diseases are identified.

4.7 Drinking Water

• All goats, including kids, must always have access to sufficient quantities of safe, clean, and palatable water.
• Snow and ice are not acceptable as sole sources of water for goats.

Section 5 Husbandry Practices

5.1.1 Catching and Restraining

• All stockpeople must understand goat behavior and be competent in goat handling techniques.
• Stockpeople must work calmly and quietly with goats at all times using the minimum force necessary.
• All methods of restraint must allow for the quick release of the goat(s).
• Goats must be handled at all times so as to minimize the risk of pain, injury, or distress.
• Goats must not be subjected to mistreatment (including kicking, hitting, or tail twisting).
• Electric prods must never be used.
• Goats must not be left unattended while restrained.

5.1.3 Herding and Livestock Guardian Dogs

• Herding and livestock guardian dogs must not stress goats (e.g., by chasing, playing with, or biting).
• Dogs must not have access to goats unless under the control of a stockperson (with the exception of trained and acclimated livestock guardian dogs; 32).

5.2 Yokes, Horn Bars, and Tethering Devices

• Yokes and horn bars must not cause pain, injury, or distress.
• Animals must not wear a yoke or horn bar on a permanent basis.
• Yokes and horn bars must always allow goats to access food and water.
• Tethering devices must not cause pain, injury, or distress.
• Animals must not be tethered continuously.
• Goats must be directly supervised when tethered.
• Goats that are restrained by tethering must also be:
  • calm and trained to the conditions
  • provided with access to palatable water, sufficient feed, and access to shelter
  • able to walk and move around without becoming entangled or entrapped.
• Goats must not be tethered if sick, compromised, pregnant, or nursing (78).

5.3 Social Environment

• Goats in individual pens must be able to see and/or hear other goats or companions.
• Goats must be monitored for, and prompt action taken when bullying, injuries, and drop in feed intake or body condition scores are observed.

5.4 Predation Control

• Producers must implement a strategy to minimize predation risk suitable for their farm, animals, and the predator(s) being considered.
• Producers must provide prompt and appropriate care for goats that have been attacked by predators (refer to Section 6 – Health Management and Section 8 – Euthanasia and On-farm Slaughter).

5.5 Identification

• Animal identification must be in compliance with current government regulations.
• Stockpeople must ensure that all identification materials are suitable for goats.
• Goat identification must be performed or supervised by a competent stockperson.
• Stockpeople must use application equipment that is in good working order and maintained according to manufacturer’s instructions.
• Stockpeople must employ proper hygiene practices to reduce potential infections and ensure that infected tagging sites or tears are properly treated.
• When using ear or tail web tags, stockpeople must:
  • use a tag suitable for the age, size, and breed of goat
  • use 2 tags maximum per ear
  • ensure the tag is positioned correctly to avoid excess bleeding or catching on objects.
• Branding goats must not be practiced.
• Ear notching must not be practiced.

5.6 Hoof Trimming

• Hooves must be inspected regularly (minimum every 6 months) and trimmed as required to maintain hoof health and goat well-being (refer to Appendix H – Properly Trimmed and Overgrown Hooves).
• Hoof trimming must be performed by, or under the supervision of, competent stockpersons.
• Stockpeople must have the ability to identify signs of overgrown hooves, foot rot, and other diseases.
• Trimming equipment must be clean and well maintained.
• Equipment must be disinfected between animals after use on diseased feet or hooves.

5.7 Castration

• A decision to castrate must be based on a welfare risk-benefit analysis rather than routine.
• Producers must work with their veterinarian to develop practical, safe, and effective protocols for reducing pain resulting from castration.
• Castration must only be done by a competent person after training with a veterinarian or other competent person.
• If using a local anesthetic, it must only be administered by a competent person after training by a veterinarian.
• Pain control (analgesia), such as NSAIDs, must be provided at the time of castration.
• Castration of bucks beyond 12 weeks of age must be performed by a veterinarian using anesthesia and perioperative analgesia.
• All castrations must meet the method, age range, and pain control use requirements stipulated in Table 5.1 below:

Table 5.1 – Method, Age Range, and Pain Control Requirements for Castration

* The size of the scrotum and testes must be large enough to allow proper clamp and crush of the spermatic cords without crossing the middle of the scrotal neck. Scrotum and clamp size must be appropriate to perform procedure correctly.

• Producers must monitor for signs of post-operative complications, consult with their veterinarian, and take appropriate corrective action if needed.

5.8 Disbudding

• Disbudding must only be done by a competent person after training with a veterinarian or other competent person.
• Pain control (analgesia), such as an NSAID, must be provided at the time of disbudding.
• If using a local anesthetic, it must only be provided by a competent person after training by a veterinarian.
• Disbudding must only be performed on kids whose horn buds have not attached to the skull, usually between the ages of 7 to 14 days, and not more than 21 days of age.
• After disbudding, kids must be observed for several days for signs of illness or pain such as decreased milk intake, decreased activity, hunched posture, and a lack of interest in the environment.
• Hot iron disbudding is the only acceptable method of disbudding goats. Caustic paste and clove oil must not be used.

5.9 Dehorning

• Dehorning must not be performed unless necessary to protect the health and welfare of the goat and must be performed by a licensed veterinarian using a sedative, general or local anesthesia, and perioperative analgesia, regardless of age (41).
• Horned goats or goats with scurs must be monitored to ensure that no part of the horn/scur is in contact with the body or face (32).
• Minor horn trimming (“tipping”) must be performed by a competent person, making sure to avoid sensitive internal tissue.
• Dehorning using banding, gougers, Barnes dehorner, or Keystone dehorner (i.e., guillotine) is prohibited.
• Dehorned goats must be observed several times in the first 24 hours for excessive bleeding, and daily for infection until healed.
• Broken horns with excessive bleeding or signs of infection must receive immediate veterinary attention.

5.10 Other Management Practices

• Removal of extra teats must be done at as early an age as possible and must only be performed after training by a veterinarian or by a competent person using proper technique and well-maintained sanitary equipment.
• Pain control must be provided in consultation with a veterinarian.

5.10.1 Breeding

• Producers must plan breeding such that appropriate supervision and shelter at kidding will be available.
• Bucks must be managed by taking into account the risk of aggressive behaviour to avoid possible injury to other bucks and stockpeople.
• Doelings must be a minimum of 65% of their breed’s expected adult weight at time of breeding.
• The body size and weight of bucks used in natural breeding must be appropriate to the size of the does.
• Semen collection and transcervical artificial insemination must be conducted by a competent stockperson.
• Electroejaculation, when performed, must be done by a licensed veterinarian.
• Laparoscopic artificial insemination or embryo collection and transfer must be done by a licensed veterinarian.
• Kidding must be frequently observed, and timely action taken as required, while keeping disruptions and disturbances to a minimum.
• All stockpeople must be able to recognize the signs of kidding difficulty and know when and how to provide appropriate assistance and when to seek assistance from a competent person or veterinarian.
• Hands must be washed or new gloves must be worn when kidding assistance is required.
• When goats are housed indoors, a clean dry bedded area for kidding must be provided.
• A clean dry area must be provided for does kidding on pasture, with food and water readily available, so does will remain with the newborn kids.
• Newborns that do not nurse voluntarily must be provided the first colostrum feeding as soon as possible – first 2 hours of life is best.
• Newborn kids must be monitored no less than 4 times per day, for evidence that they have suckled and for signs of starvation, hypothermia, and frostbite. Prompt, appropriate, corrective action must be taken if problems are observed (32).
• Continual restraint of a doe for the purposes of fostering must not be practiced.

5.10.2 Milking Procedures

• Pens, ramps, milking parlours, and milking machines must be suitable for goats and be inspected and maintained to prevent injury, disease, and distress.
• Procedures must be in place to prevent mastitis.
• All applicable regulations pertaining to milking hygiene must be practiced.
• Milking must be frequent enough to prevent pain due to mammary engorgement.
• All stockpeople milking does must be competent or under direct supervision of a competent milker.
• Does must not be dried off by limiting access to water.
• Does must not be dried off by removing access to feed.

5.10.3 Fibre Management

• All Angora goats must be shorn at least once a year and more frequently around the genitals and face.
• Shearing must be performed by, or under the supervision of, a competent experienced shearer.
• Shearing of pregnant does in the last month of gestation must only be performed by a competent, experienced shearer.
• All shearing-related injuries must be attended to promptly. Major injuries, (e.g., severed milk vein) must receive first aid and be attended to by a veterinarian.
• Farms must have a sheltered, suitable area that can be used for shearing. Shearing areas must be adequate in size, clean, and well-lit.
• All shearing equipment and any clothing that moves between farms with the shearer must be cleaned and disinfected between herds at a minimum. If there is a known disease transfer risk between animals, all equipment must be disinfected between animals within a herd.
• When planning shearing, producers must consider the time of year, expected weather, and available shelter. Steps must be taken to prevent negative outcomes associated with shearing (e.g., hypothermia, sunburn).
• Goats must not be sheared in cold weather unless appropriate shearing comb lifters are used to leave enough fleece on the body for thermal comfort.
• Provide feed, water, and shelter and/or shade for goats for shearing and afterwards.

Section 6 Health Management

6.1.1 Recognizing Injury and Disease in Animals

• Animals must be observed daily.
• Stockpeople must be knowledgeable about goat behaviour and be able to detect abnormal behaviour and signs of injury and illness.
• Stockpeople must be able to identify emergency situations (i.e., animals in need of immediate attention) and take appropriate action.

6.1.2 Managing Sick, Injured, or Cull Animals

• When goats are sick, injured, or suffering one of the two following actions must be taken without delay:

1. Treatment—must be safe and may include:

• pain control
• veterinary drugs
• nursing care
• monitoring for response to treatment.

2. No Treatment—goats must not suffer while waiting to be:

• culled or sold to slaughter (if suitable for human consumption and transport, refer to Section 7 – Transport)
• slaughtered or euthanized on-farm
• Written records of disease events and treatment must be kept.
• If treatment is not effective, or will not be provided, an alternative decision must be made immediately.

6.1.3 Herd Health Management and Veterinary Care

• All producers must establish and maintain a working relationship with a licensed veterinarian (VCPR).
• Extra Label Drug Use (ELDU) must be prescribed by a veterinarian.
• Veterinary prescription drugs, including antimicrobials (Category I, II, and III of Medically Important Antimicrobials) must be prescribed and/or dispensed by a licensed veterinarian.
• All veterinary drugs to be used in goats must be safe and:
  • must have a Canadian Drug Identification Number (DIN)
  • must be stored according to label directions
  • must not be used after expiration.

6.1.4 Managing Deadstock

• Deadstock must be removed promptly from areas where livestock are housed or pastured.
• Disposal of deadstock must follow applicable provincial regulations.

6.2.1 Lameness

• Stockpeople must be able to recognize lameness.
• Lame goats must be assessed and action taken without delay.
• When the level of moderate to severe lameness in the herd is high (i.e., ≥5% of animals are lame), the cause must be investigated and corrective action taken.
• Lame goats that are non-ambulatory or are experiencing moderate to severe pain and do not respond to treatment must be euthanized.

6.2.2 Disease Prevention and Control

• If there are unexpected, unexplained, or sudden increases in illness or death losses within the herd, an investigation followed by corrective action must be taken.
• The herd veterinarian must be consulted if investigation and/or corrective action taken fails.

Section 7 Transport

7.1 Pre-Transport Decision Making

• Persons handling or transporting goats must comply with Part XII of the Health of Animals Regulations (3, 97) and applicable provincial regulations.
• The fitness for transport of every animal must be evaluated within the context of each trip or journey (refer to Appendix M – Transport Decision Tree).
• Only healthy, fit animals without injury or illness can be shipped to assembly centres, breeding stock sales, or livestock sales.
• Compromised animals must not be sent to assembly centres (e.g., livestock auction markets or collection yards) and if transported for slaughter must go directly to the closest provincial or federal abattoir.
• Unfit animals must not be transported except for veterinary care on the advice of a veterinarian.

7.2 Pre-Transport Preparation

Pre-Trip Planning

• People arranging transport must ensure that locations receiving goats are expecting them and are equipped with personnel and facilities required to meet the animals’ needs upon arrival.
• The potential duration of a journey, including stops prior to the final destination, must be considered when evaluating fitness for transport.
• Nursing kids accompanying their dams must be allowed an opportunity to nurse undisturbed at suitable intervals while waiting for loading, after loading, and during transport.

Must Not Transport

• Animals believed or suspected of being in late gestation (e.g., expected to give birth within 15 days) must not be transported (unless for short distances within farm limits to kidding area with veterinary recommendation and oversight), except under the advice of a veterinarian.
• Animals must not be shipped within 48 hours after giving birth except under the advice of a veterinarian.
• Kids 8 days of age or less must not be transported to assembly centres (e.g., livestock auction markets).

Pre-Loading

• The required assessment of animal fitness and records (e.g., livestock manifests, emergency contact information, date/time of last fed/watered/rested) must be completed and provided to the transporter in advance of loading the goats (97).
• Risk factors regarding the animals and the conditions of transport prior to loading must be assessed to prevent animal injury, suffering, or death.
• Conveyances must be free of animal by-products such as manure, urine, or soiled bedding prior to loading.
• Suitable bedding (e.g., straw, wood shavings, peat moss) must be added to conveyances to assist in absorbing urine and to protect the animals during transport.
• Animals must have at least 1 cm (or 2 weeks for fibre producing goats) hair growth to be transported during the cold season unless alternative protection such as coats or heated transport is used.
• Compromised animals must be transported with special provisions (such as being isolated, individually loaded/unloaded without having to negotiate ramps inside the conveyance, extra bedding).
• Goats must be separated if they are incompatible by reason of breeding season, sourcing, temperament, sex, weight, age, or horned or health status (with the exception of female animals and their nursing offspring).

7.3 Arranging Transport

• Goats must be transported by competent personnel using safe, well-maintained conveyances and equipment.
• Conveyances and containers used to transport goats must be in compliance with federal and provincial regulatory requirements.
• Containers, if used, must be secured to conveyances to prevent movement during transit.
• Conveyances and containers must be constructed to provide goats with adequate ventilation at all times.
• Ventilation and air temperature within the conveyances must be adjusted to meet the animals' needs.
• Goats must be protected from snow, rain, frostbite, and loss of body heat during transport.
• Goats must be protected from direct contact with the conveyance’s cold metal surfaces by lining the floor with dry bedding or other suitable insulating material while ensuring adequate ventilation.

7.4 Loading and Receiving On-Farm

Handling

• All requirements in the Handling section (refer to Section 5 – Husbandry Practices) of this Code must be applied.
• Instances of inhumane handling or transport must be documented and immediately reported to proper authorities (e.g., Provincial Animal Welfare Authority, local CFIA).
• The right of the transporter to refuse to load goats that they deem unfit for transport must be respected. The reason for refusal must be addressed.
• Personnel in charge of transporting goats must demonstrate knowledge and competence in low stress handling of goats when loading, unloading, and while in transit.
• Goats must be loaded calmly, quietly, and patiently using equipment suitable for goats.

Equipment and Loading

• Trucks must be in good repair, clean, and adequately bedded.
• Ramps used for loading/unloading must be able to bear the weight of the animals, have side barriers that inhibit jumping, have secure footing, be placed with no gap between the ramp and vehicle, and have a slope that does not exceed 35 degrees.
• Goats must be able to stand at all times with all feet on the floor, head elevated with sufficient space to permit a full range of head movement, and without any part of its body coming into contact with a deck, roof, or top of the conveyance or container.
• When loading, goats must have a clear path to move forward, and are not be rushed or overcrowded (consider the appropriate loading densities and the factors that influence densities such as weather, hair length, horns, length of journey).
• Special measures must be taken when transporting does in peak lactation.¹ They must be transported with their young or milked in a manner and frequency that prevents udder engorgement (e.g., goats in high lactation sold for culling in an assembly center must be dried off).

Care upon Arrival

• If euthanasia is required, goats must not be dragged from the conveyance while conscious; they must be humanely stunned or euthanized without being removed from the conveyance and confirmed unconscious before unloading. Actions to assure death after removal from the conveyance must be taken (refer to Section 8 – Euthanasia and On-Farm Slaughter).
• Goats must be provided feed, water, and rest immediately upon arrival (refer to Section 4 – Feed and Water).
• Prompt additional care must be provided to goats showing signs of heat or cold stress, illness, or injury on arrival (Table 7.1).

1. CFIA infographic Transport of lactating animals www.inspection.canada.ca/animal-health/humane-transport/transport-of-lactating-animals/eng/1643140920906/1643140921812.

Section 8 Euthanasia and On-Farm Slaughter

8.1 On-Farm Euthanasia Plans

• Every farm must (i) identify which approved methods of euthanasia they use (including correct landmarks and techniques; see Table 8.1) and (ii) review this with the herd veterinarian.
• All farms where euthanasia is performed by anyone other than the owner/primary producer must have a written Euthanasia Action Plan that indicate appropriate methods, landmarks, and secondary steps when using a captive bolt.
• Personnel performing or supervising euthanasia must have been trained by a competent person on how to appropriately handle and euthanize goats humanely.
• Every farm must always have at least one person available who is responsible for making euthanasia decisions.
• Personnel and euthanasia equipment must be available at all times such that an animal can be euthanized without delay to prevent unnecessary pain and suffering.
• A decision to euthanize a goat must be made immediately when an animal is ill or injured and suffering pain or distress and:
  • the animal has no reasonable prospect of recovery, or
  • treatment cannot or will not be provided, or
  • the animal has been treated but the expected response to treatment has not occurred and further treatment is not warranted.
• If there is any doubt as to how to proceed, a veterinarian must be consulted at an early stage to advise whether treatment is possible or whether euthanasia is required to prevent suffering.

8.2 Acceptable Methods of Euthanasia

• An acceptable method of euthanasia must be used (refer to Table 8.1 – Methods of Euthanasia and Appendix N – Anatomical Landmarks for Euthanasia).
• Methods not listed in Table 8.1 are unacceptable.
• Placement of firearm or captive bolt must be according to Appendix N – Anatomical Landmarks for Euthanasia.
• Manually applied blunt force trauma is not an approved method of euthanasia for goats of any age or size and must not be used.
• The selected euthanasia method must take into consideration the age and size of the goat to be euthanized, as well as the availability of proper equipment, appropriate restraint, and the comfort level and training of the person performing the procedure.
• Before being euthanized, animals must not be dragged, prodded, or made to move if pain or suffering may occur.
• The safest, least stressful method of restraint must be used.
• Equipment necessary for euthanasia, such as firearms or captive bolt devices, must be used, stored, and maintained according to the manufacturer’s instructions to ensure proper function.

8.3 Confirmation of Loss of Consciousness and Death

• Goats must be assessed for loss of consciousness immediately after stunning. A goat is considered unconscious when there is:
  • a lack of rhythmic breathing
  • no blink response when the eyeball is touched (corneal reflex)
  • a lack of vocalization
  • the animal does not attempt to rise to its feet or lift its head.
• If any sign of consciousness is observed, animals being euthanized by a firearm or captive bolt device must be shot again immediately.
• Before moving or leaving the animal, monitor to confirm death using all of the following indicators:
  • absence of a heartbeat within 5 minutes of the procedure
  • lack of eye movement when the eyeball is touched (corneal reflex)
  • cessation of respiratory movement within 5 minutes of the procedure
  • pupils fixed and dilated.
• If death does not occur within 5 minutes after loss of consciousness the animal must be shot again, or a secondary step repeated.
• Re-check indicators of death 5 minutes after heartbeat and respiration have ceased to ensure euthanasia was successful.
• Carcass disposal must be in accordance with applicable regulations.

 8.5 On-Farm Slaughter

• All applicable federal, provincial, and territorial regulations and guidance must be followed if slaughtering on-farm.
• Persons performing or supervising on-farm slaughter must have the relevant knowledge, experience, and skills to slaughter the goat humanely.
• Goats must be monitored for loss of consciousness and death as in Section 8.3 – Confirmation of Loss of Consciousness and Death.
• Death must be confirmed before any dressing procedures are conducted.
• Inverting or hanging goats while they are still conscious is prohibited.

 8.5.1 Slaughter Without Stunning

• All applicable federal, provincial, and territorial regulations and guidance must be followed if slaughtering without stunning on-farm.
• Persons performing or supervising on-farm slaughter without stunning must have the relevant knowledge, experience, and skills to perform the ritual cut correctly to achieve death as rapidly as possible.
• If performing on-farm slaughter without stunning, a standard operating procedure for slaughter without stunning must be included in the euthanasia action plan of the farm (refer to Appendix P – Sample On-farm Euthanasia Action Plan).
• Requirements from Council of Chief Veterinary Officers “Standards for Optimizing Animal Welfare Outcomes during Slaughter without Stunning” must be followed (see Appendix R – Standards for Optimizing Animal Welfare Outcomes during Slaughter without Stunning).